There has been increasing attention on the research whether helminth infection attenuates inflammatory diseases by regulating host intestinal flora. To investigate the effects of Trichinella spiralis infection on intestinal flora of Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice, 15 mice were randomly divided into 3 groups, including the normal mice (Control), mice with collagen Ⅱ-induced arthritis (CIA) and mice infected with T. spiralis prior to immunization with collagen Ⅱ (CIA.TS).Spearman correlation analysis of arthritic score and different bacterial genera between CIA and control group were performed at day 50 after Collagen Ⅱ immunization based on high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rDNA gene of the intestinal flora.The results showed that the flora structure of the CIA group was significantly changed. As compared with Control group, CIA group had an elevating trend in the richness and diversity, and the relative abundance of Deferribacteres, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria significantly increased at the phylum level, and the relative abundance of unidentified_Lachnospiraceae, Mucispirillum, Desulfovibrio significantly increased,while the relative abundance of Alistipes, Rikenella significantly decreased at the genus level. And the correlation analysis showed that the relative abundance of the genus significantly increased in CIA mice was positively correlated with arthritic score, while the relative abundance of the genus significantly decreased in CIA mice was negatively correlated with arthritic score. However, compared with the CIA group, CIA.TS group had a decreasing trend in the richness and diversity, and the relative abundance of Deferribacteres and Proteobacteria significantly decreased, and the relative abundance of Mucispirillum and Desulfovibrio significantly decreased, the relative abundance of Alistipes significantly increased.In conclusion, the changes of intestinal flora structure in CIA mice were closely related to the severity of arthritis, and pre-infection with T. spiralis may relieve joint inflammation in CIA mice, and its improvement may be related to the regulation of intestinal flora structure in CIA mice.

In order to understand the epidemic status and regularity of principal human parasitic disease in Pingdingshan City, and provide scientific basis for prevention and control of intestinal parasite infection in the region, according to the scheme of The 3rd National Survey of Principal Human Parasites made by National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, and combined with the economic and geographical conditions, a stratified cluster sampling was performed during 2014—2015. The infections of intestinal helminths and protozoans in permanent residents were respectively detected by Kato-Kats technique and iodine solution. Enterobius vermicularis infection in children aged 3-6 years was detected by cellophane swab method. A total of 2 563 individuals were investigated and 74 people had parasitic infection, the infection rate was 2.89%. Eight kinds of parasites were found in this survey, including 5 species of helminthes with infection rate of 2.46% (63/2 563) and 3 species of protozoans with infection rate of 0.43% (11/2 563). The rate of E. vermicularis was 3.77% in children aged 3-6 years. Only 0.11% of the infections were co-infection by 2 kinds of parasites. The main intestinal parasites in this region were E. vermicularis (1.13%) and Asearis lumbricoides (0.90%),in which 292 children aged 3-6 years were detected for E. vermicularis infection with infective rate of 3.77% (11/292). The results showed that the total infection rate and the infection rate of various species of parasites have declined significantly in Pingdingshan City, and E. vermicularis infection in children should be the focus of prevention and control of parasitic diseases from now on.

In order to study the infection of Bartonella in small mammals at Alashankou Port, the nucleic acids of liver and spleen were extracted and the Bartonella citrate synthase gene (gltA) was amplified after morphological identification of 75 small mammals. The molecular identification and sequence analysis of Bartonella were carried out by comparing the positive sequences. The results showed that the infection rate of Bartonella was 9.33%(7/75), including 3 Rhombomys opimus, 2 Mus musculus, 1 Meriones erythrourus, 1 Apodemus sylvaticus.Seven strains of Bartonella belonged to 4 species,B. elizabethae, B. grahamii, B. fuyuanensis and B. taylorii, of which 3 strains were B. elizabethae. SPSS analysis showed that there was no significant difference in Bartonella infection rate among different hosts.B. elizabethae and B. grahamii are the rat-borne human pathogen. Rodents control should be done to reduce the density of the natural host and vector to prevent the import and export of such pathogen, ensure the health and safety of frontier ports.

Two totiviruses, temporarily namedTotivirus ND3 (TOV_ND3)and FD17(TOV_FD17), were isolated from Culex tritaeniorhynchus captured in Shanghai City. The full sequences were determined using high-throughput sequencing method. The results showed that the genomes of TOV_ND3 andFD17 were 7 612 and 7 611 nucleotides, respectively in length, and encoded a capsid protein and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The nucleotide sequence ofTOV_ND3 had the highest similarity to Cx. tritaeniorhynchus totivirus NJ2, while the FD17 was most similar to Omono River virus strain AK4, with 84.6% and 84.9% identity, respectively, and 74.1% identity between themselves. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two newly obtained viruses were grouped into the unassigned totiviruses. Our results suggested that the two new viruses were variant totiviruses.

Traditional taxonomical identification requires complete and uncrippled adult specimens, which makes difficult for non-insect taxonomical researchers to identify mosquitoes with traditional taxonomical methods, can not achieve rapid and accurate identification. The purpose of present study is to discover more DNA barcodes suitable for mosquito identification, so as to achieve rapid and accurate identification of mosquitoes at the port. Traditional taxonomic methods were used to determine the general group of unknown mosquitoes. The genomic DNA of 14 mosquito samples were extracted by molecular biology, and the ITS1, ITS2, Cytb and COI gene sequences were amplified via PCR using universal primers, and the PCR products were sequenced with the method of double deoxidization, the genetic relationship and similarity of some ITS2, Cytb and COI were analyzed together with related NCBI data. The results showed that a total of 39 non-full-length base sequences of ITS1, ITS2, Cytb and COI genes of 14 mosquito samples were obtained, of which 21 were new sequences. 14 unknown mosquito molecules were classified and identified as 6 mosquito species according to their intra-species genetic distance and similarity: Culex modestus, Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus, Cx. pipiens pallens, Anopheles hyrcanus, Aedes albopictus and Ae. caspius. The statistics of base utilization showed that the Cytb and COI genes of the tested samples was in accordance with the composition of insect mitochondrial DNA base. The phylogenetic tree of genes ITS2, Cytb and COI were constructed, which was in accordance with the theory of mosquito phylogenetic evolution. The data of genes ITS1, ITS2 and Cytb studied in present paper need to be further enriched.

The purpose of this study is to establish an accurate, rapid and specific method to identify Culex tritaeniorhynchus based on high resolution melting curve for CO Ⅲ gene amplification. The specific primers of COⅢ gene in mitochondrial genome of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were designed to amplify COⅢ gene fragment in size of 262 bp by common PCR. The repeatability and specificity of high resolution melting curve of the fragment of CO Ⅲ gene suggested the feasibility of the new method developed to identify relevant species of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in field trials.

A new record species Pollenia huangshanensis were collected from Jiangsu province, China and identified by morphological diagnostic characters as follows: epaulet orange and basicosta always brown; thorax with black hair underneath, yellowish cotton hair. The margins of the serci are almost parallel and begin to apical at the end; surstylus with broad, rounded and obtuse. Furthermore, the COⅠ sequence of the specimens were obtained with the closest similarity to the genus Pollenia sp., ranging from 90.27% to 90.73.

Two specimens were identified as Dermacentor albipictus(Packard,1869), which were captured from wet-salted white-tailed deer leather at Nanhai Port, Foshan, China. D. albipictus was morphologically characterized in this study, and the taxonomy, biology, and related disease were introduced, in order to provide reference for inspection and quarantine work at the ports.

A new species of flea belonging to the genus Rowleyella Lewis, 1971, Rowleyella fugongensis sp. nov., is collected from the Gaoligongshan Mt. of northwest Yunnan, China. The main characteristics of the new species are described as follows:    ♂ (1) The movable process long triangle shaped with a tip and no back-end angle, five spiniform setae situated below the midpoint of its rear edge; (2) Manubrium wide and short, and with up-warped front end; (3) Ventral bulge of apical arms of St. 9 is wide and nearly rectangular, and obviously wider than its end; (4) The apical portion of aedeagus crochet is narrow and downward curved, makes the whole crochet as a bird's head. ♀ (5) The ventral lobes of St.7 were significantly longer than the dorsal lobes, and the ventral margin was usually scrobicula.    Etymology The new name comes from the model specimen collection place, named after Fugong County, Yunnan Province.    In addition, the classification characteristics of genus Rowleyella are discussed and further determined.    Holotype ♂ , measuring 3.0 mm long, paratypes, 3 ♂ ♂ , measuring about 3.1 mm; 4 ♀♀, measuring about 4.0 mm, taken in December, 2006 ex Petaurista caniceps clarkei from Fugong County (27°00'N, 98°50'E), northwest Yunnan, China. Among them, 1 pair of paratype specimens were deposited in the Medical Insect Collection of Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, and the other 3♂ ♂ male and 3 ♀♀ female type specimens were deposited in Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention.

The emergence of clustered regular interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR associated sequences 9, CRISPR/Cas9) technology, has been a target-specific gene editing tool for the basic molecular researches on mosquito physiology, biochemistry, development, host pathogen relationship and others, which provides more opportunities to develop new control technology for mosquitoes and mosquito borne diseases. Here, the applications and progresses of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in the field of vector mosquito researches were reviewed and the encountered problems in practice of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases were also discussed in the present paper.