Scrub typhus is an acute vector-borne disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, which is usually transmitted by the bite of a chigger. In recent years, with the increasing frequency of human global activities and the impact of climate change, scrub typhus has rapidly spread and increased worldwide. As a high incidence area of scrub typhus, the increasing incidence leads the number and incidence of scrub typhus increased exponentially recent ten years in China. The present study collected the relevant literature from 2010 to 2021 through biomedical databases such as PubMed, Web of science, Embase, CNKI, VIP, Wanfang, CBM, and summarized the epidemiological characteristics, risk factors and prediction related studies of tsutsugamushi disease in China in the past decade to uncover the high incidence area, temporal-spatial distribution, vulnerable population, as well as incidence predicting, so as to providing reference for related research.

Parasite is an important pathogen and seriously threats the health of humans and animals. With long coevolution with its host, parasite has formed the complicated and smart ability to evade immune recognition and kill of its host. In combined with novel progress of parasitic immunity, the mechanisms of immune evasion are summarized and discussed based on three aspects including evading immune recognition, immunosuppression and leveraging co-infections in parasitic infections. It is expected to improve the understanding of the complexity and risk of parasitic infections, and provide an important reference and guide for control of parasitosis in humans and animals.

Cockroach gel bait has been widely used in China over 10 years for its safety and effectiveness. The registered products is increasing recently, resistance appears due to selective pressure from continuous application in cockroach control. Retrieved from literatures and other official publishes, gel bait productions registered in China were summarized by analysis of resistance level in cockroach populations. At this stage, cockroach gel bait products are characterized by a large number of manufacturers and a wide variety of active ingredients in China. The behaviour resistance to gel bait of cockroaches is not universal, its effectiveness usually are not significantly affected due to the gastric poison action mode.

To understand the research status and effect of hantavirus vaccines in home and abroad, all the literatures related to hantavirus vaccine published in China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) data and PubMed database during Jan. 1, 1990 to Jun. 10, 2020 were searched and analyzed, and based on the method of literature analysis to understand the research status and effect of hantavirus vaccine. A total of 362 qualified literatures were enrolled in present study, including 102 papers on vaccine experimental study, 260 on vaccination efficacy evaluation with 23 about serious adverse reactions after vaccination. At present, the experimental researches on Hantavirus vaccine are mainly through animal experiments focused on the effectiveness and safety of recombinant DNA vaccine and the discovery of vectors for the recombinant vaccine delivery. The inactivated vaccines currently used in mainland China were predominately type Ⅰ, Ⅱ and bivalent inactivated vaccines for their excellent protection effects during relative short period. Hantavirus recombinant DNA vaccine is a hot spot of current researches, which is of great significance to prevent the outbreak of Hantavirus-related diseases. It is recommended to strengthen immunization one year after first challenge for more effective protection against Hantavirus infections, and emphasis should be paid to cover the susceptive populations aged less 16 or over 60 in risk areas.

A case of visceral leishmaniasis in Beijing was described following the determination of the infection source and reasonable prevention and control methods. The patient endured intermittent fever and fatigue and was confirmed in clinical diagnosis by bone marrow smear showing leishmaniasis amastigotes. To survey the potential infection source or reservoir hosts, dogs and sandflies were collected from the resident areas of the patient with sandfly trap lamp methods. The bone marrow from dogs and sandflies samples was also submitted to detect the pathogenic protozoan using morphological observation by microscopy, PCR, and sequences analysis, respectively. As a result, the patient was concluded to be infected in Wangping Town, Mentougou District, where a total of 4 520 Phlebotomus chinensis and two dogs were sampled. The bone marrow samples from two dogs were shown positive for Leishmania infantum with typical leishmaniasis amastigotes on bone marrow smears, which were further confirmed by specific PCR detection and sequences identities ranged from 94.44%, 95.6%, and 93.23% to referenced L. infantum. However, no positive results were achieved from all P. chinensis detected by the same PCR protocol. More wide surveys on sandflies in the endemic areas should be strengthened and rational prevention and control measures should be addressed by multiple departments to prevent the spread of visceral leishmaniasis in the future.

In recent years, the emergence of tick-borne diseases had posed great threats on the public health. The molecular basis on signal regulatory elements and pathways through ubiquitination process during tick-pathogen interactions would benefit the optimize tick-borne disease prevention and control strategies. In the present review, the predominant signaling pathways (Toll, IMD, JAK/STAT, etc.) involved in tick immune system were summarized along with the ubiquitination procedures during pathogens transmission processes. Diverse E3 ubiquitin ligase had been proved involved in tick regulatory signaling pathways and immune escapes of pathogens, which would be useful in pathogen transmission blocking strategies in the future

Various microorganisms in mosquitoes have formed a close symbiotic relationship with mosquitoes in long-term co-evolution. In recent years, with the rapid development and application of molecular biology technology, commensal microorganisms in mosquitoes have been widely surveyed for their paramount roles in host-pathogens cycles. The research progresses of mosquito symbiotic microorganisms in terms of ecology, physiology, and interactions with hosts and pathogens were reviewed in present article.

A series of nucleic acid-based methods for detecting parasites has been developed in recent years due to the limits of traditional pathogen-detectingand immunodiagnosis methods.This review summarizes the application,advantage and disadvantage,and research progress of nucleic acid diagnosis methods in detecting parasitic disease.

The structures of tapeworm receptor were outlined in present paper. The receptor structures of some tapeworms, such as Amphilinidea, Gyrocotylidea, Caryophyllidea, Proteocephalidea, Diphyllobothriidea, Bothriocephalidea, Cyclophyllidea and Trypanorhyncha, were described with text or by graphic comparison description, and compared some species of multiple types of receptors in list form. The purpose is to have a basic understanding of the tapeworm receptors, and for in-depth understanding of the collaborative evolutionary phenomenon of morphology and function of Neodermata adapted to its parasitic lifestyle.

Through on\|site monitoring, the results of three monitoring methods on Aedes vector, namely Bretto Index (BI) method, Mosq-ovitrap Index (MOI) method and Double-mosquito net method in different habitats were compared and evaluated to provide basis for scientific monitoring strategies. All the three methods were carried out during active seasons in 6 districts (including residential areas and rural areas) in Hubei province to judge of mosquito borne disease risk. The results showed during the 10 month period for mosquito monitoring, the average density of BI, MOI and Double-mosquito net index were 5.94, 4.15 and 2.67 mosquitoes/(net·h). From the perspective of seasonal fluctuations, the peak of Aedes vector was during July and September. There were no statistical difference among the three monitoring methods in urban areas and rural areas (χ²=0.002,P=0.968;χ²=3.380,P=0.066;χ²=1.186,P =0.276). According to Spearman correlation coefficient analysis, based on the overall monitoring results in different habitats, the results of three methods were positively correlated and consented (P＜0.001). The activity period of Aedes mosquitoes in Hubei province were from March to December, and the peak period were from July to September. The three monitoring methods show that the similar risk assessment trend of dengue transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes yeilded in both urban and rural areas, consist with that in Hubei province. Besides, the overall monitoring in different habitats have positive correlation and good synergy, which can objectively reflect the seasonal fluctuation of Aedes mosquitoes, and suitable monitoring methods can be implemented to meet the environmental characteristics and control needs.

Cryptosporidiosis is the emergent and significant microbiological pathogen, which has consequently impressed concern all over the world.This intracellular parasite infects more than 240 animals, including human, avain, mammal, reptile and amphibian.To date, eight zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and onegenotype have been recognized, namely, C.hominis, C.parvum, C.canis, C.felis,C.meleagridis, C.muris, C.suis, C.andersoni and C.parvum cervine genotype.Based on the previous data, the patients prevalence of Cryptosporidium infectionhave been found to be 4%～20% and 0.6%～20% in developed countries and developing countries, respectively.While in our country, the infection rate varies from 0.23% to 13.3%, and children are more vulnerable than adults.Transmissionof the parasites are transmitted by the fecal-oral route and contaminate environment, food and water.The review describes the biological characterization and molecular characterization of each species and genotype, which provide solid theoretical basis for the further research of parasite distribution, evolution characterization, and zoonotic transmission route.

The aim of the present paper is to describe the administration of an imported Plasmodium ovale case with thrombocytopenia, and provide reference for the prevention and control of imported malaria. The patient was a 68-year-old male migrant worker who had been infected with P. ovale and had not received standard treatment. The main manifestation of this attack was thrombocytonia (platelet 81×10⁹/L). The blood sample was tested positive by the rapid detection kit of P. ovale. The patient was treated with antimalarial therapy immediately, but platelets decreased progressively, and metabolic acidosis (bicarbonate concentration 17.2 mmol/L), acute kidney injury (creatinine 251 μmol/L) and other severe changes occurred. After active symptomatic treatment and replacement of malaria treatment regimen, the patient gradually improved. Therefore, early and adequate use of appropriate antimalarial drugs for patients with malaria infection with progressive platelet reduction is the key to curb the progression to severe disease.

The blood sucking Diptera insect fauna and its relationship with vector borne diseases in China was reviewed in the article．And the research advances of above in Hebei province was interested focused to provide measures to control and prevent vector borne disease, especially for the coming in cidental public health or bio-terrorismevents in Hebei province．

To improve vaccine immunization strategy and control measures, the epidemiological characteristics of Japanese Encephalitis were analyzed based on the cases reported in mainland China during 2008~2013 announced by Chinese authorities. The incidence of JE decrease after JE introduction to National Immunization Program during 2008~2013 compared with that during 2005~2007; JE transmission is consistent with the growth circles of main vectorial mosquito species; the incidences of children aged 2~6 years old is higher than that of other age groups, the proportion of adolescent and adult JE cases increases which reflects the lack of population immunization of JE vaccine in some epidemic areas. Mosquitoes repellent and control should be play as an important role on JE prevention and control. National Immunization program should be sponsored in adult population in Xinjiang, Qinghai and Tibet JE vaccine immunization strategy.

The distribution of the main species of sarcosaprophagous flies from China was summarized according to the publications of China.The results showed as follows:among 40 species from 4 families of sarcosaprophagous flies investigated,there are 8 species distributed all over the country,31 species found in local areas,6 species mainly distributed in northern China and 6 in southern China.The results provide a basis for further research on forensic entomology in different areas of China.

Coccidiosis, a parasitic protozoan disease caused by the infection of Eimeria, leads to heavy economic losses in the poultry industry. At present, the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis is mainly dependent on anticoccidial drugs. However, with the widespread and irrational use of anticoccidial drugs, the problem of drug resistance has become increasingly serious. In this review, anticoccidial drugs, including Chinese herbal medicine, chemical synthesis and polyether carrier antibiotics, are discussed, and drug resistance were also introduced here.

The trapping and killing effects of three different components of gel baits and the residual spraying of six insecticides to Blattella germanica were evaluated in order to promote and guide on field prevention and control. In the laboratory efficacy test, the glass box method was used to evaluate the killing effect by mortality. The method of jam bottle film was used in the residual spraying experiment and the residual spraying efficacy was evaluated by the mortality of B. germanica after forced contact with the film for 20 minutes. The results showed that the mortality of all the three gel baits reached 100% after 96 h, all of the three gel baits reached “A” class. The killing effect of the six insecticides used for residual spraying to B. germanica reached 100% in laboratory, and the duration of efficacy was more than 90 days. The nine insecticides had good killing effect to B. germanica in laboratory, and could be reasonably selected according to the actual situation in the field prevention and control.

Toxoplasma gondii is an opportunistic pathogenic protozoan that causes zoonotic toxoplasmosis and is capable of infecting almost all warm-blooded animals, including humans. T. gondii infection is a globally prevalent zoonosis, posing a particularly high risk to immunocompromised populations. It presents a serious threat to public health and animal husbandry due to its complex life cycle and wide host range. Currently, the prevention and treatment of toxoplasmosis rely primarily on drugs, with a combination of sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine being the first choice in clinical practice. However, limitations in efficacy, side effects, and drug resistance restrict its widespread use. While some progress has been made in the development of anti-Toxoplasma drugs, no ideal treatment has yet been approved for market release or clinical trials. This paper reviews recent progress on the mechanisms of action and targets of novel anti-Toxoplasma drugs based on relevant studies. It aims to provide new ideas for future drug research and development while highlighting the opportunities and challenges in the field.

Clonorchis sinensis (hookworm) is a foodborne parasite. Infection is caused by consuming raw or semi-raw freshwater fish and shrimp containing metacercariae. It is often misdiagnosed or overlooked because of its hidden onset and atypical clinical symptoms. In the present study, the diagnosis and treatment of two cases of light clonorchiasis infection were reported, and epidemiological investigations were performed. Clinical symptoms, laboratory diagnostic characteristics, epidemiological characteristics, and pathogenic agents of clonorchiasis were analyzed by clinicians to improve the diagnosis and treatment of clonorchiasis and to achieve early prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

Animal parasitosis negatively impacts the development of animal husbandry and the food security of our country. Strengthening the detection and monitoring of animal parasites is the effective way to prevent and control animal parasitosis. Considering the deficiencies in the current detection standards of animal parasites of our country, this paper systematically collected and analyzed the present various detection methods, to provide the basis for the establishment and revision of the animal parasites-related detection standards in China.

To clarify the potential distribution of Culex tritaeniorhynchus Glies in China, the MaxEnt model was used to predict the distribution of suitable habitats for Cx. tritaeniorhynchus by combining 19 climate factors with strong correlation with its survival. The results showed that under current climate conditions, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus is mainly distributed in southeast and central China, with a highly suitable area of 2 662 900 km² and a moderately suitable area of 1 537 700 km²; the potential distribution of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus will expand to different degrees by future climate change under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 126 climate scenario, and the highly suitable area will expand to 3 628 100 km²and 3 566 700 km²in 2021—2040 and 2041—2060, respectively. The AUC value is 0.985, which indicates that the prediction results are accurate and reliable. Among the climate factors influencing the potential distribution of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in China, the top important four contributing factors were the precipitation of warmest quarter (51.6%), isothermality (19.1%), precipitation seasonality (13.0%) and mean temperature of coldest quarter (7.8%); the results of the Jackknife method showed that the precipitation of warmest quarter, annual mean temperature and the mean temperature of driest quarter played a significant influence on the distribution of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in China. The prediction results show that the suitable area of Culex trituberculatus in China has a tendency to expand to the northwest, and the highly suitable area of Culex trituberculatus in the southeast coastal area will be reduced in 2041-2060.

Schistosomiasis is one of the most serious parasitic diseases in human and livestock. Traditional diagnostic techniques of Schistosomiasis mainly include:etiological diagnosing techniques,common immunological methods and imaging examination. In recent years,with the development of new biological materials, molecular biology, biosensors and other related new technologies, a lot of methods for the detection and diagnosis of Schistosomiasis emerged and have been utilized in clinical diagnosis or tests.

This paper researches on the geographical pattern distribution of 35 species-groups including 393 species of genus Phaonia from China, using the principle and method of zoogeography; reports 363 endemic species, 14 endemic species-groups and 31 widespread species. This paper discusses about the relationship between origin, species and the natural history of the geology; researches on the differentiation process of species and species-groups of genus Phaonia, summarizes geographical pattern distribution and reasons of species and species-groups of the genus Phaonia from China.

Eosinophilia is an important characteristic of helminth infection. Injury of host epithelium caused by worms can induce the activation and differentiation of type 2 immune cells. Among them, eosinophils develop and mature under the action of cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules, and are recruited to the site of worm infection to exert immune effects by secreting a series of granule proteins and immune regulatory factors. This review examines the latest progress of the relationship between eosinophils and helminth, the duality of protective immunity and pathological damage of eosinophils on host, and immunomodulatory effect of eosinophils.

This paper analysed the clinic and pathological characteristics of 1 case infected with Hymenolepis nana.

Effective prevention and control of economically and/or public health important diseases of domestic animals has guaranteed and promoted the rapid development of the modern animal industry. The control of animal diseases benefits not only the the protection of animal welfare but also the improvement of the economic returns of the animal industry. Understanding the occurrence and development of diseases is critical for their prevention and control. The poultry industry in China is rapidly moving to the large-scale and intensive farming mode to meet the needs of the fast-growing market. Here we take chicken coccidiosis as an example to summarize its occurrence and prevalence and its negative effect on the modern poultry industry. We also briefly summarized advancement in coccidiosis control in China.

Scrub typhus is an infectious disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, transmitted by the bites of chigger mites, and usually characterized by acute fever, skin rash or scab, and sensitivity to antibiotics. Scrub typhus can result in severe multiorgan failure with a case fatality rate up to 70% without timely and appropriate treatment. Delayed treatment is the main cause of high mortality in patients with scrub typhus. Scrub typhus often has no typical symptoms, is easy to be confused with other regional diseases, and the clinical diagnostic methods are relatively backward and easy to be ignored. In present paper, the literature review dealt with the pathogen, clinical diagnosis and treatment characteristics and prevention and control strategies of scrub typhus is carried out in order to strengthen the public and clinicians' understanding of scrub typhus, improve the diagnosis level of the disease, and reduce the rate and mortality of scrub typhus.

Wild hedgehogs may act as carriers and/or hosts for bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens with zoonotic potential, posing a significant threat to humans. Humans are increasingly invading hedgehog habitats, disrupting the coexistence between humans and animals. Hedgehogs are also increasingly being kept as pets, substantially increasing the probability of human zoonotic pathogen spillover from hedgehogs to humans. Herein, we review existing knowledge on bacterial, viral, and mycotic pathogens with zoonotic potential, evaluating the significance of hedgehogs as carriers or hosts.

The present paper deals with the mosquito systematics recorded in representative research literatures over the past and current years. The traditional classification of mosquitoes developed at the early twentieth century. The conceptions of mosquito systematics would be evolved in historic aspect of controversies and revised repeatedly. A relatively stable classification system of the family Culicidae and allied taxa was confirmed until the publication of ‘A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world, second edition’. The methods of cytogenetics and molecular identification have been used for members of the mosquito complex species identification, and ease up the troubles of misidentification or obscurities. At the beginning of 21th century, the studies on phylogeny and classification of Culicidae based on numerical morphology data analyses produced distinct influence for enhance the level of mosquito systematics. The new classification promises a major progress in comprehensive phylogeny of mosquitoes and the reformation of the traditional classification, which might affect not only in taxonomic ideas, but also with rational methods and procedures. The results of recent studies on tribe Aedini and allied taxa including many new genera, new composites, and changes of generic ranks indicates its activity and efficiency. The newly taxonomic conception suggested that the absence of comprehensive phylogeny for mosquitoes is a major obstacle in traditional classification, and suggested a new revised classification systems of the family Culicidae containing 2 subfamilies and 11 tribes. As for the current status of mosquito systemics in China, the authors try to revise the family Culcidae formerly recorded in China, and propose a new classification system, including 2 subfamilies, 10 tribes, 45 genera, and 420 species (including 11 taxonomic uncertainty species in tribe Aedini). Among them, the newly recorded mosquito genera of China: genus Lutzia and genus Kimia were briefly introduced.

Viral hemorrhagic fever is a group of natural focus infection diseases caused by different viruses featured of pyrexia, haemorrhagia, shock and high case-fatality. Some of the diseases are related to arbovirus, including Rift valley fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, Yellow fever, Dengue fever, Kyasanur forest disease, Omsk hemorrhagic fever, and Chikungunya fever. The present paper made a review of the diseases listed above on their epidemic characteristic, etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.

Eimeira spp. of rabbits belong to Phylum Apicomplexa, which cause great economic losses in rabbit industry. For a long time, Vaccination has always been regarded as the most effective way to control coccidiosis. Study of the immunogenicity of rabbit coccidia is necessary for the development of the rabbit coccidian vaccine. Here we reviewed the recent research of immunity and vaccine of rabbit coccidia, hoping to make a contribution to the further study of the immunity against rabbit coccidia and the development of anticoccidial vaccine for rabbit.

Two cases of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) was reported in present paper. The patients showed typical clinical symptoms of SFTS bunyavirus infection with fever and diarrhea first and continued with progressive decrease in platelets. Virus was isolated from serum sample of one patient, and transmission electron microscopy revealed viral particles infected in the vero-cell cytoplasm. The complete S segment of isolated virus was obtained by sequencing. The phylogenetic tree of S segment was established and revealed the isolated strain was a C genotype C1 branch. The genetic sequence homology of isolated strain was high as that in Anhui (JQ670933.1) with 99.5% homology, indicating SFTSV was present sporadic in Anhui and the newly identified strain showed some evolution in genomic sequence, but no obvious pathogenetic change was observed.

Insects frequently encounter microbial infections in their natural environment.Infections such as viruses carried by vector arthropods can cause serious human illness or animal epidemics.However, insects rely primarily on their innate immune system to defend themselves against pathogenic infections. Based on its structure and effector mechanisms, the immune system primarily comprises cellular and humoral immunity. Cellular immunity involves phagocytosis, agglutination, and encapsulation, carried out by hemocytes. Humoral immunity mostly depends on immunological proteins generated by adipose cells to protect against infections using antimicrobial peptides or melanization reactions.Antimicrobial peptide synthesis contributed significantly to specific immune signalling pathways including Toll, IMD and JAK/STAT. Studying insects' natural defences would help develop new ways to protect humans and animals from vector-borne diseases.

Olfaction plays important roles in the behavior of insect.Therefore,unraveling the olfactory mechanism will be useful to regulate insect behaviors for effective pest contro1.With the rapid development of insect behavior,biochemistry,molecular biology and insect electrophysiology,many bioactive moleculesand genes associated with olfaction have been identified in recent years,whichmakes it possible to investigate the olfactory mechanism of insect deeply.Here,the odor molecules,odorant-binding proteins and odorant receptors were reviewed to unravel the olfactory mechanism of insect.

Brucellosis is a kind of natural epidemic disease with serious harm to human and animals, the transmission mode is complex, and the pathogen has many forms of preservation in the epidemic area. Recent studies have shown that ticks are one of the important pathways for Brucella reserved and transmission, and important epidemiological significance in the transmission and prevalence. Ticks can naturally carry Brucella spp. Brucella could transmit transstadally and transovarially in ticks, which suggested that ticks may be important vectors of Brucella spp. was frequently detected in salivary glands and midgut.B. melitensis and B. bortus were shown highly pathogenic to human beings, which also have been detected in several ticks species. Therefore, Brucella may possess a "livestock-tick-livestock/human" transmission cycle.

To understand the density, species composition and seasonal fluctuations of vector and pest, provide data support for the scientific prevention and control of vector and pest in Beijing, and timely carry out prediction and early warning work, mosquitoes, flies, rodents, cockroaches, chigger mites and ticks were focused to monitor their population densities, species composition, and seasonal abundance following the corresponding guidance for vector pest surveillance. Light trapping method and human-baited double net trapping method were applied to monitor the population densities of adult mosquito, while Breteau index (BI) and scoop capturing methods were used to check immature mosquitoes. Adult flies were surveyed with cage trapping method. Rodents were sampled with night-trapping or the sticky board method. Cockroaches were surveyed with the sticky board method. The chigger mites and ticks were also collected by scratching on host animals. In 2022, the density of adult mosquitoes was 6.4 individuals per lamp per night, net trap index was 2.71 individuals pernet hour, scoop index and breteau index were 2.17 and 0.77 for immature mosquitoes. Culex pipiens pallens was the dominant species followed by Aedes albopictus. The peak density of mosquitoes occur in July or August with park as mainly breeding habitats. The adult flies density was 3.42 flies per cage per hour, peaked in June with Sarcophagidae dominated in greenbelt habitat.The density of rodents was shown as 0.12 rodents /100 traps, all was identified as Mus musculus and found frequently in high infestation industrial habitats. Cockroaches had a density of 0.0288 cockroaches/paper and infestation rate of 3.46%. Blattella germanica was the dominant species. The residental area had the highest infestation rate. The highest densities of chigger mites took place in October with infestation rate as 45.24%. Tick index was 1.0 and all captured ticks were Haemaphysalis longicornis. This study benefit the rational integrated pest control strategies with basic data.

Cyclospora,a coccidian parasite,with a fecal-oral life cycle,has become recognized worldwide as an emerging pathogen. It caused human and animal gastro-intestinal illness and chronic diarrhea. Molecular and pathogenesis information on the emerging pathogen is still scarce. The aim of this review is to summarise the current status of knowledge about Cyclospora, including theetiology,epidemiology and diagnosis aspects.

Mosquitoes are one of the most important vectors for transmitting diseases such as malaria, dengue fever and yellow fever. In mosquitoes, the olfactory system plays a crucial role in many types of behavior, including nectar feeding, host preference selection and oviposition. Odorant receptors (ORs) are comprised of highly variable odorant-binding subunits associated with one conserved co-receptor. They are potential molecular targets for the development of novel mosquito attractants and repellents. ORs have been identified in the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, and in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. This review enclosed the lately research progress of ORs, including the characteristics of structure, expression regulation and physiological function. Moreover, a highly conserved, broadly expressed olfactory receptor Or83b were summarized in the article. The relationship between OR with the development of mosquito repellents was also involved in the present paper.

Currently, the dengue virus and its vectors have now become widely distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The expansion of dengue is expected to increase due to factors such as climate change, globalization, international travel and trade, socioeconomics, settlement and dengue viral evolution. Transmission of dengue is now present in more than 125 countries known to be dengue endemic. Estimates of the global incidence of dengue infections annually have ranged between 50 million and 200 million; however, recent estimates using cartographic approaches suggest the data is closer to 400 million. Currently no vaccine or specific antiviral therapy exists to address the growing threat of dengue. Prompt case detection and appropriate clinical management can reduce the mortality from severe dengue. Effective vector control is the mainstay of dengue prevention and control. In order to control the risk of imported dengue fever, the general countermeasure includes two aspects: firstly, it is necessary to provide accurate dengue infection risk assessment to those who exit the dengue epidemic area, implementation of dengue fever prevention by health education on personal protection at the same time, especially for the staff or labors export abroad and study abroad; Then, it’s important to trigger early warning monitoring mechanism at the ports of entry and exit and quarantine, and to minimize the risk of dengue fever spread as soon as possible.

Currently, the strategies for control and prevention of Schistosomiasis improved from "transmission interruption" to "elimination stage" focused on the Schistosome cercariae. Rapid identification of Schistosome cercariae from environmental water bodies can provide scientific basis for risk assessments, alerts of schistosomiasis with surveillance data. The technical progress and current situation of enrichment and detection of schistosoma cercariae from environmental water have been reviewed in present paper for providing a reference in prevention and control of schistosomiasis in endemic areas.