Parasite is an important pathogen and seriously threats the health of humans and animals. With long coevolution with its host, parasite has formed the complicated and smart ability to evade immune recognition and kill of its host. In combined with novel progress of parasitic immunity, the mechanisms of immune evasion are summarized and discussed based on three aspects including evading immune recognition, immunosuppression and leveraging co-infections in parasitic infections. It is expected to improve the understanding of the complexity and risk of parasitic infections, and provide an important reference and guide for control of parasitosis in humans and animals.

Scrub typhus is an acute vector-borne disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, which is usually transmitted by the bite of a chigger. In recent years, with the increasing frequency of human global activities and the impact of climate change, scrub typhus has rapidly spread and increased worldwide. As a high incidence area of scrub typhus, the increasing incidence leads the number and incidence of scrub typhus increased exponentially recent ten years in China. The present study collected the relevant literature from 2010 to 2021 through biomedical databases such as PubMed, Web of science, Embase, CNKI, VIP, Wanfang, CBM, and summarized the epidemiological characteristics, risk factors and prediction related studies of tsutsugamushi disease in China in the past decade to uncover the high incidence area, temporal-spatial distribution, vulnerable population, as well as incidence predicting, so as to providing reference for related research.

In recent years, the emergence of tick-borne diseases had posed great threats on the public health. The molecular basis on signal regulatory elements and pathways through ubiquitination process during tick-pathogen interactions would benefit the optimize tick-borne disease prevention and control strategies. In the present review, the predominant signaling pathways (Toll, IMD, JAK/STAT, etc.) involved in tick immune system were summarized along with the ubiquitination procedures during pathogens transmission processes. Diverse E3 ubiquitin ligase had been proved involved in tick regulatory signaling pathways and immune escapes of pathogens, which would be useful in pathogen transmission blocking strategies in the future

Various microorganisms in mosquitoes have formed a close symbiotic relationship with mosquitoes in long-term co-evolution. In recent years, with the rapid development and application of molecular biology technology, commensal microorganisms in mosquitoes have been widely surveyed for their paramount roles in host-pathogens cycles. The research progresses of mosquito symbiotic microorganisms in terms of ecology, physiology, and interactions with hosts and pathogens were reviewed in present article.

A series of nucleic acid-based methods for detecting parasites has been developed in recent years due to the limits of traditional pathogen-detectingand immunodiagnosis methods.This review summarizes the application,advantage and disadvantage,and research progress of nucleic acid diagnosis methods in detecting parasitic disease.

Cryptosporidiosis is the emergent and significant microbiological pathogen, which has consequently impressed concern all over the world.This intracellular parasite infects more than 240 animals, including human, avain, mammal, reptile and amphibian.To date, eight zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and onegenotype have been recognized, namely, C.hominis, C.parvum, C.canis, C.felis,C.meleagridis, C.muris, C.suis, C.andersoni and C.parvum cervine genotype.Based on the previous data, the patients prevalence of Cryptosporidium infectionhave been found to be 4%～20% and 0.6%～20% in developed countries and developing countries, respectively.While in our country, the infection rate varies from 0.23% to 13.3%, and children are more vulnerable than adults.Transmissionof the parasites are transmitted by the fecal-oral route and contaminate environment, food and water.The review describes the biological characterization and molecular characterization of each species and genotype, which provide solid theoretical basis for the further research of parasite distribution, evolution characterization, and zoonotic transmission route.

Schistosomiasis is one of the most serious parasitic diseases in human and livestock. Traditional diagnostic techniques of Schistosomiasis mainly include:etiological diagnosing techniques,common immunological methods and imaging examination. In recent years,with the development of new biological materials, molecular biology, biosensors and other related new technologies, a lot of methods for the detection and diagnosis of Schistosomiasis emerged and have been utilized in clinical diagnosis or tests.

The distribution of the main species of sarcosaprophagous flies from China was summarized according to the publications of China.The results showed as follows:among 40 species from 4 families of sarcosaprophagous flies investigated,there are 8 species distributed all over the country,31 species found in local areas,6 species mainly distributed in northern China and 6 in southern China.The results provide a basis for further research on forensic entomology in different areas of China.

Effective prevention and control of economically and/or public health important diseases of domestic animals has guaranteed and promoted the rapid development of the modern animal industry. The control of animal diseases benefits not only the the protection of animal welfare but also the improvement of the economic returns of the animal industry. Understanding the occurrence and development of diseases is critical for their prevention and control. The poultry industry in China is rapidly moving to the large-scale and intensive farming mode to meet the needs of the fast-growing market. Here we take chicken coccidiosis as an example to summarize its occurrence and prevalence and its negative effect on the modern poultry industry. We also briefly summarized advancement in coccidiosis control in China.

Scrub typhus is an infectious disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, transmitted by the bites of chigger mites, and usually characterized by acute fever, skin rash or scab, and sensitivity to antibiotics. Scrub typhus can result in severe multiorgan failure with a case fatality rate up to 70% without timely and appropriate treatment. Delayed treatment is the main cause of high mortality in patients with scrub typhus. Scrub typhus often has no typical symptoms, is easy to be confused with other regional diseases, and the clinical diagnostic methods are relatively backward and easy to be ignored. In present paper, the literature review dealt with the pathogen, clinical diagnosis and treatment characteristics and prevention and control strategies of scrub typhus is carried out in order to strengthen the public and clinicians' understanding of scrub typhus, improve the diagnosis level of the disease, and reduce the rate and mortality of scrub typhus.

Antimicrobial peptides are a kind of bioactive peptide substance produced by innate immune system of hosts in response to invading pathogens, which is an important component of the innate immune system. They have broad-spectrum activity against many pathogens (antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic and antitumor). Protozoa are single-cell eukaryotes, pathogenic protozoa can cause serious harm on human health and animal husbandry production. Studies have shown that antimicrobial peptides can inhibit the growth and development of protozoa and even kill protozoa. In this paper, the types, mechanism and application prospect of antimicrobial peptides were reviewed in order to provide the theoretical basis for the development of new broad-spectrum antiprotozoa drugs.

Eimeira spp. of rabbits belong to Phylum Apicomplexa, which cause great economic losses in rabbit industry. For a long time, Vaccination has always been regarded as the most effective way to control coccidiosis. Study of the immunogenicity of rabbit coccidia is necessary for the development of the rabbit coccidian vaccine. Here we reviewed the recent research of immunity and vaccine of rabbit coccidia, hoping to make a contribution to the further study of the immunity against rabbit coccidia and the development of anticoccidial vaccine for rabbit.

Coccidiosis, a parasitic protozoan disease caused by the infection of Eimeria, leads to heavy economic losses in the poultry industry. At present, the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis is mainly dependent on anticoccidial drugs. However, with the widespread and irrational use of anticoccidial drugs, the problem of drug resistance has become increasingly serious. In this review, anticoccidial drugs, including Chinese herbal medicine, chemical synthesis and polyether carrier antibiotics, are discussed, and drug resistance were also introduced here.

Eosinophilia is an important characteristic of helminth infection. Injury of host epithelium caused by worms can induce the activation and differentiation of type 2 immune cells. Among them, eosinophils develop and mature under the action of cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules, and are recruited to the site of worm infection to exert immune effects by secreting a series of granule proteins and immune regulatory factors. This review examines the latest progress of the relationship between eosinophils and helminth, the duality of protective immunity and pathological damage of eosinophils on host, and immunomodulatory effect of eosinophils.

Viral hemorrhagic fever is a group of natural focus infection diseases caused by different viruses featured of pyrexia, haemorrhagia, shock and high case-fatality. Some of the diseases are related to arbovirus, including Rift valley fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, Yellow fever, Dengue fever, Kyasanur forest disease, Omsk hemorrhagic fever, and Chikungunya fever. The present paper made a review of the diseases listed above on their epidemic characteristic, etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.

The present paper deals with the mosquito systematics recorded in representative research literatures over the past and current years. The traditional classification of mosquitoes developed at the early twentieth century. The conceptions of mosquito systematics would be evolved in historic aspect of controversies and revised repeatedly. A relatively stable classification system of the family Culicidae and allied taxa was confirmed until the publication of ‘A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world, second edition’. The methods of cytogenetics and molecular identification have been used for members of the mosquito complex species identification, and ease up the troubles of misidentification or obscurities. At the beginning of 21th century, the studies on phylogeny and classification of Culicidae based on numerical morphology data analyses produced distinct influence for enhance the level of mosquito systematics. The new classification promises a major progress in comprehensive phylogeny of mosquitoes and the reformation of the traditional classification, which might affect not only in taxonomic ideas, but also with rational methods and procedures. The results of recent studies on tribe Aedini and allied taxa including many new genera, new composites, and changes of generic ranks indicates its activity and efficiency. The newly taxonomic conception suggested that the absence of comprehensive phylogeny for mosquitoes is a major obstacle in traditional classification, and suggested a new revised classification systems of the family Culicidae containing 2 subfamilies and 11 tribes. As for the current status of mosquito systemics in China, the authors try to revise the family Culcidae formerly recorded in China, and propose a new classification system, including 2 subfamilies, 10 tribes, 45 genera, and 420 species (including 11 taxonomic uncertainty species in tribe Aedini). Among them, the newly recorded mosquito genera of China: genus Lutzia and genus Kimia were briefly introduced.

Olfaction plays important roles in the behavior of insect.Therefore,unraveling the olfactory mechanism will be useful to regulate insect behaviors for effective pest contro1.With the rapid development of insect behavior,biochemistry,molecular biology and insect electrophysiology,many bioactive moleculesand genes associated with olfaction have been identified in recent years,whichmakes it possible to investigate the olfactory mechanism of insect deeply.Here,the odor molecules,odorant-binding proteins and odorant receptors were reviewed to unravel the olfactory mechanism of insect.

The blood sucking Diptera insect fauna and its relationship with vector borne diseases in China was reviewed in the article．And the research advances of above in Hebei province was interested focused to provide measures to control and prevent vector borne disease, especially for the coming in cidental public health or bio-terrorismevents in Hebei province．

Immune evasion is one of the main reasons why parasites can survive and adapt to parasitism within host. It's great significance to study the mechanisms of immune evasion for the research and development of anti-parasitic vaccines and medicines. Schistosomes and other parasitic flatworms are a group of parasites which seriously harm human health and livestock. There have already been a series of studies on their immune evasion. This paper aims to make a review of the research progress in this field.

Animal parasitosis negatively impacts the development of animal husbandry and the food security of our country. Strengthening the detection and monitoring of animal parasites is the effective way to prevent and control animal parasitosis. Considering the deficiencies in the current detection standards of animal parasites of our country, this paper systematically collected and analyzed the present various detection methods, to provide the basis for the establishment and revision of the animal parasites-related detection standards in China.

Chicken coccidiosis causes huge economic losses to the poultry industry annually. Much attention is payed onto the biology of coccidia and the development of vaccines and drugs against coccidiosis. Recently, a lot of work in this field, including the annotation of functional genes, molecular identification methods, has been participated by Chinese researchers. As the fast update of molecular biotechnology and the application of genetic manipulation tools for coccidia research, it is now possible to understand the functions of key genes and decode many special biological phenomena of Eimeria species. This article reviews the current progress in molecular biotechniques of chicken coccidia in China.

The gut microbiota of mosquitoes plays a crucial role in the transmission of mosquito\|borne diseases, among which Serratia are an essential component to interact with host mosquitoes in several ways. This review summarized the progress of Serratia in mosquito gut in terms of their influences on the physiological behaviors and functions in mosquitoes, which might provide a basis for identifying novel targets to block pathogen transmission and expand new strategies for the prevention and control of mosquito and mosquito-borne diseases.

Currently, the strategies for control and prevention of Schistosomiasis improved from "transmission interruption" to "elimination stage" focused on the Schistosome cercariae. Rapid identification of Schistosome cercariae from environmental water bodies can provide scientific basis for risk assessments, alerts of schistosomiasis with surveillance data. The technical progress and current situation of enrichment and detection of schistosoma cercariae from environmental water have been reviewed in present paper for providing a reference in prevention and control of schistosomiasis in endemic areas.

Chicken coccidiosis is widespread and seriously affects the healthy development of the chicken industry in China. At present, there are lots of investigations on the occurrence of chicken coccidia in various places, but only a few reports on the overall epidemic situation in the country were presented. This paper sorted out the investigation reports after the founding of the People's Republic of China and found that the infection rates of coccidia in chicken in all parts of China is above 50%. The common species are Eimeria tenella, E. maxima, E. acervulina, E. mitis and E. necatrix. The prevalence of chicken coccidiosis in China was influenced by feeding management, environment and climate factors, immunosuppression or other diseases, and age of chicken. At the same time, we also found that the means of detecting chicken coccidia in the literatures are too imprecise and simple to make proper diagnosis. More than 60% papers reported chicken oocysts detected only by microscopic observations and more than 80% papers limited the investigation scope within only one city even a town. More comprehensive prevention and control measures and improved detection methods should be taken to control the spread of chicken coccidia and promote chicken industry development in future.

Cockroach gel bait has been widely used in China over 10 years for its safety and effectiveness. The registered products is increasing recently, resistance appears due to selective pressure from continuous application in cockroach control. Retrieved from literatures and other official publishes, gel bait productions registered in China were summarized by analysis of resistance level in cockroach populations. At this stage, cockroach gel bait products are characterized by a large number of manufacturers and a wide variety of active ingredients in China. The behaviour resistance to gel bait of cockroaches is not universal, its effectiveness usually are not significantly affected due to the gastric poison action mode.

Teaching evaluation is the core of the supervision on talents cultivation quality. Apart from constructing the human parasitology online course, we have also established the corresponding online teaching evaluation system in the Department of Parasitology of Capital Medical University as online teaching becoming the main way of talents cultivation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Students were evaluated based on evaluation process in the form of classroom performance, questions after class, periodic unit testing, morphological drawing, designing experiment report, the virtual simulation experiment and summative evaluation in the form of a final online test and aquired feedback on how online learning work and suggestions for teaching improvement from students through questionnaire survey. The experience of the construction and application of online teaching evaluation system was summarized to bring out the assesment, feedback and supervision functions of teaching evaluation and improve the quality of talents cultivation.

Brucellosis is a kind of natural epidemic disease with serious harm to human and animals, the transmission mode is complex, and the pathogen has many forms of preservation in the epidemic area. Recent studies have shown that ticks are one of the important pathways for Brucella reserved and transmission, and important epidemiological significance in the transmission and prevalence. Ticks can naturally carry Brucella spp. Brucella could transmit transstadally and transovarially in ticks, which suggested that ticks may be important vectors of Brucella spp. was frequently detected in salivary glands and midgut.B. melitensis and B. bortus were shown highly pathogenic to human beings, which also have been detected in several ticks species. Therefore, Brucella may possess a "livestock-tick-livestock/human" transmission cycle.

Mosquitoes are one of the most important vectors for transmitting diseases such as malaria, dengue fever and yellow fever. In mosquitoes, the olfactory system plays a crucial role in many types of behavior, including nectar feeding, host preference selection and oviposition. Odorant receptors (ORs) are comprised of highly variable odorant-binding subunits associated with one conserved co-receptor. They are potential molecular targets for the development of novel mosquito attractants and repellents. ORs have been identified in the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, and in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. This review enclosed the lately research progress of ORs, including the characteristics of structure, expression regulation and physiological function. Moreover, a highly conserved, broadly expressed olfactory receptor Or83b were summarized in the article. The relationship between OR with the development of mosquito repellents was also involved in the present paper.

To investigate the infection of Entamoeba gingivalis in adolescents andits relationship with oral diseases.A ciuster sampling survey was carried out to collect 559 students in Chengde elementary andmiddle school,and 220 patients were randomly chosen at the same time.The light microscope was used to observe the hesion from gums of teeth and focus of infection.The results show that Entamoeba gingivalis infection had no relationships with sex,age and region;and had relationships with oral health habit,toothpaste and oral diseases.The infection rate of those who brush their also usuallywas obviously lower than those not(χ²=9.47,P<0.01);the infection rate of those who use ordinary toothpaste was obviously lower than those use medical toothpaste(χ²=8.38,P<0.01);Among oral diseases,the infection rate of periodontitis was the highest(χ²=20.02,P<0.01),which indicate that the infection of Entamoeba gingivalis has close relationships with oral disease.

The development of environmental friendly, low toxicity and high efficiency cockroach baits is vital important in chemical control of cockroach. In the present paper, the botanical-based substances, aggregation pheromone combined with edible bait were used to carry out cockroaches trapping trial. The trapping efficiency of bait was evaluated by the behavioral response and mortality of Blattella germanica and Periplaneta americana to the three baits of recipe 1 (PPF-A), recipe 2 (PPF-B) and recipe 3 (PPF-C). The results showed that the approach responses of B. germanica and P. americane to the three baits (PPF-A, PPF-B, PPF-C) were significantly higher than that of control, but no statistical difference existed between the groups, and the approach response rate of P. americane was lower than of B. germanica. All German cockroaches died within 7 days after feeding the three kinds of bait, and those feeding agent PPF-C died within 6 days, but no one died in the control group. Those P. americane that only feeding agent PPF-C died within 7 days. The alluring effect of the three baits was higher to German cockroaches than to American cockroaches. The bait PPF-C showed the best control efficiency to both P. americana and B. germanica.

Currently, the dengue virus and its vectors have now become widely distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The expansion of dengue is expected to increase due to factors such as climate change, globalization, international travel and trade, socioeconomics, settlement and dengue viral evolution. Transmission of dengue is now present in more than 125 countries known to be dengue endemic. Estimates of the global incidence of dengue infections annually have ranged between 50 million and 200 million; however, recent estimates using cartographic approaches suggest the data is closer to 400 million. Currently no vaccine or specific antiviral therapy exists to address the growing threat of dengue. Prompt case detection and appropriate clinical management can reduce the mortality from severe dengue. Effective vector control is the mainstay of dengue prevention and control. In order to control the risk of imported dengue fever, the general countermeasure includes two aspects: firstly, it is necessary to provide accurate dengue infection risk assessment to those who exit the dengue epidemic area, implementation of dengue fever prevention by health education on personal protection at the same time, especially for the staff or labors export abroad and study abroad; Then, it’s important to trigger early warning monitoring mechanism at the ports of entry and exit and quarantine, and to minimize the risk of dengue fever spread as soon as possible.

Insects frequently encounter microbial infections in their natural environment.Infections such as viruses carried by vector arthropods can cause serious human illness or animal epidemics.However, insects rely primarily on their innate immune system to defend themselves against pathogenic infections. Based on its structure and effector mechanisms, the immune system primarily comprises cellular and humoral immunity. Cellular immunity involves phagocytosis, agglutination, and encapsulation, carried out by hemocytes. Humoral immunity mostly depends on immunological proteins generated by adipose cells to protect against infections using antimicrobial peptides or melanization reactions.Antimicrobial peptide synthesis contributed significantly to specific immune signalling pathways including Toll, IMD and JAK/STAT. Studying insects' natural defences would help develop new ways to protect humans and animals from vector-borne diseases.

Tick is a kind of exoparasites obligating with hemophagia, and has an innate immunity system for preventing microbial infection. The antimicrobial peptide is one kind of effective molecules in this system. The identification of antimicrobial peptides from ticks is propitious to understand the relation betweenpathogen and vector and also provide clues to the research of novel antimicrobial. This paper reviewed the research progress of antimicrobial peptide from ticks, and discussed on its application in the future.

Artesunate is one of important derivatives of artemisinin, which not only has well known antimalarial effect, but also can effectively against schistosomula and prevent schistosomiasis. This article reviews the research progress of artesunate against schistosome in-vitro and in-vivo, it's clinical application and possible mechanisms of drug action.

Fleas, feeding on homothermal animals, are the important vector of plague, murine typhus and other diseases of natural focus, and therefore an important category of insects with medical importance. More than 150 species (subspecies), 45 genera and 9 families of fleas have been found in Yunnan province, of which about 60% are the special species of Yunnan, accounting for 90% of families, 60% of genus, 25% of species and 25% of special species in China. It has been herewith introduced in present paper that the fauna and classification of Siphonaptera, species diversity, biology and disease relationship and the key environmental factors in Yunnan province, China.

In order to investigate the distribution of Coxiella burnetii in mice and establish prevention and control measures for Q fever in Yunnan Province, C. burnetii carried in mice in Yulong County was detected using nested PCR. Then C. burnetii in positive sample was genotyped based on the multispacer sequence typing (MST) and the multilocus variable number tandem repeats analysis (MLVA). As a result, a total of 49 mice were collected from Yulong County, in which 24 mice (48.98%, 24/49) were detected positive in C. burnetii-specific nested PCR. The positive samples of mice were then typed into 2 genotypes using MST, and 1 of the 2 genotypes was recognized as an unidentified one and the other was recognized as MST16. However, the allele sequences required for MLVA genotyping have not been obtained completely. Overall, a new MST type has been identified from wild mice collected from Yulong County, Yunnan Province, providing theoretical basis for the traceability of Q fever in China.

Chicken coccidiosis is a continuous challenge to poultry industry and the control of this disease rely heavily on anticoccidial drugs. However, the increasing emergence of drug-resistant strains and drug residues greatly restrict drug application. Thus, control of chicken coccidiosis by vaccination is receiving increasing attention. Here, we summarize the current progress of coccidiosis vaccine development for chicken in China.

As the largest and most perfect cloud of birds, Passeriformes possesses a suite of species and behavioral diversity, consists of about half of the birds (100/211) (Zheng Guangmei, 2002) and has a worldwide distribution. Birds of Passeriformes are divided into 100 families, 43 of which distribute over China(Zheng Guangmei, 2002). Coccidian are parasitical protozoan infested in birds and other vertebrates, or found in their feces. Reports on coccidian infecting Passeriformes are frequently seen in research papers. In present article, efforts are made to give a concise explanation to infested in coccidian Passeriformes about prevalence, identification, classification, pathogenicity and factors that affect its infestation.

The effects of three feedstuffs on the development of American cockroach nymph were studied. The results showed that body weight of the nymph fed on the second feedstuff was higher than those fed on the other two feedstuffs. One hundred and twenty days after hatching, the average body weight of nymph fed on the second feedstuff was (35.95±0.68) mg per nymph. The American cockroach nymph daily feeding amount was (2.58±0.48) mg per nymph on the third feedstuff and was (1.99±0.83) mg per nymph on the second feedstuff. The daily nutritional ingredient of American cockroach nymph fed on the second feedstuff and the third feedstuff was not different between protein and fat(P>0.05). The efficiency of forage utilization(95.67±1.32)% and forage conversion(14.22±6.48)% of the nymph fed on the second feedstuff were higher than those fed on the other feedstuffs, and there was different among the three feedstuffs. Thus, the second feedstuff was better than the other two feedstuffs in improving the development of American cockroach nymph.

Following the schemes from cladistics and molecular phylogeny, the 14 argasidae species recorded in China were classified into 2 subfamilies and 4 genera. In the subfamily Argasinae, 6 species in genus Argas (4 species in subgenus Argas and 2 species in subgenus Persicargas) and 1 species in genus Alevonasus were involved, while in the subfamily Ornithodorinae, 7 species are assigned into 2 genera and 4 subgenera, as the genus Ornithodoros (1 species in subgenus Ornithodoros and 2 species in subgenus Pavlovskyella) and the genus Carios (1 species in subgenus Alectorobius and 3 species in subgenus Carios). A brief descriptions for each species and pictorial key to the species were provided in the present paper to facility the surveillance and control for ticks and tick borne diseases.