Scrub typhus is an acute vector-borne disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, which is usually transmitted by the bite of a chigger. In recent years, with the increasing frequency of human global activities and the impact of climate change, scrub typhus has rapidly spread and increased worldwide. As a high incidence area of scrub typhus, the increasing incidence leads the number and incidence of scrub typhus increased exponentially recent ten years in China. The present study collected the relevant literature from 2010 to 2021 through biomedical databases such as PubMed, Web of science, Embase, CNKI, VIP, Wanfang, CBM, and summarized the epidemiological characteristics, risk factors and prediction related studies of tsutsugamushi disease in China in the past decade to uncover the high incidence area, temporal-spatial distribution, vulnerable population, as well as incidence predicting, so as to providing reference for related research.

Parasite is an important pathogen and seriously threats the health of humans and animals. With long coevolution with its host, parasite has formed the complicated and smart ability to evade immune recognition and kill of its host. In combined with novel progress of parasitic immunity, the mechanisms of immune evasion are summarized and discussed based on three aspects including evading immune recognition, immunosuppression and leveraging co-infections in parasitic infections. It is expected to improve the understanding of the complexity and risk of parasitic infections, and provide an important reference and guide for control of parasitosis in humans and animals.

In recent years, the emergence of tick-borne diseases had posed great threats on the public health. The molecular basis on signal regulatory elements and pathways through ubiquitination process during tick-pathogen interactions would benefit the optimize tick-borne disease prevention and control strategies. In the present review, the predominant signaling pathways (Toll, IMD, JAK/STAT, etc.) involved in tick immune system were summarized along with the ubiquitination procedures during pathogens transmission processes. Diverse E3 ubiquitin ligase had been proved involved in tick regulatory signaling pathways and immune escapes of pathogens, which would be useful in pathogen transmission blocking strategies in the future

Various microorganisms in mosquitoes have formed a close symbiotic relationship with mosquitoes in long-term co-evolution. In recent years, with the rapid development and application of molecular biology technology, commensal microorganisms in mosquitoes have been widely surveyed for their paramount roles in host-pathogens cycles. The research progresses of mosquito symbiotic microorganisms in terms of ecology, physiology, and interactions with hosts and pathogens were reviewed in present article.

A series of nucleic acid-based methods for detecting parasites has been developed in recent years due to the limits of traditional pathogen-detectingand immunodiagnosis methods.This review summarizes the application,advantage and disadvantage,and research progress of nucleic acid diagnosis methods in detecting parasitic disease.

The aim of the present paper is to describe the administration of an imported Plasmodium ovale case with thrombocytopenia, and provide reference for the prevention and control of imported malaria. The patient was a 68-year-old male migrant worker who had been infected with P. ovale and had not received standard treatment. The main manifestation of this attack was thrombocytonia (platelet 81×10⁹/L). The blood sample was tested positive by the rapid detection kit of P. ovale. The patient was treated with antimalarial therapy immediately, but platelets decreased progressively, and metabolic acidosis (bicarbonate concentration 17.2 mmol/L), acute kidney injury (creatinine 251 μmol/L) and other severe changes occurred. After active symptomatic treatment and replacement of malaria treatment regimen, the patient gradually improved. Therefore, early and adequate use of appropriate antimalarial drugs for patients with malaria infection with progressive platelet reduction is the key to curb the progression to severe disease.

Cryptosporidiosis is the emergent and significant microbiological pathogen, which has consequently impressed concern all over the world.This intracellular parasite infects more than 240 animals, including human, avain, mammal, reptile and amphibian.To date, eight zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and onegenotype have been recognized, namely, C.hominis, C.parvum, C.canis, C.felis,C.meleagridis, C.muris, C.suis, C.andersoni and C.parvum cervine genotype.Based on the previous data, the patients prevalence of Cryptosporidium infectionhave been found to be 4%～20% and 0.6%～20% in developed countries and developing countries, respectively.While in our country, the infection rate varies from 0.23% to 13.3%, and children are more vulnerable than adults.Transmissionof the parasites are transmitted by the fecal-oral route and contaminate environment, food and water.The review describes the biological characterization and molecular characterization of each species and genotype, which provide solid theoretical basis for the further research of parasite distribution, evolution characterization, and zoonotic transmission route.

The distribution of the main species of sarcosaprophagous flies from China was summarized according to the publications of China.The results showed as follows:among 40 species from 4 families of sarcosaprophagous flies investigated,there are 8 species distributed all over the country,31 species found in local areas,6 species mainly distributed in northern China and 6 in southern China.The results provide a basis for further research on forensic entomology in different areas of China.

Schistosomiasis is one of the most serious parasitic diseases in human and livestock. Traditional diagnostic techniques of Schistosomiasis mainly include:etiological diagnosing techniques,common immunological methods and imaging examination. In recent years,with the development of new biological materials, molecular biology, biosensors and other related new technologies, a lot of methods for the detection and diagnosis of Schistosomiasis emerged and have been utilized in clinical diagnosis or tests.

Coccidiosis, a parasitic protozoan disease caused by the infection of Eimeria, leads to heavy economic losses in the poultry industry. At present, the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis is mainly dependent on anticoccidial drugs. However, with the widespread and irrational use of anticoccidial drugs, the problem of drug resistance has become increasingly serious. In this review, anticoccidial drugs, including Chinese herbal medicine, chemical synthesis and polyether carrier antibiotics, are discussed, and drug resistance were also introduced here.

This paper researches on the geographical pattern distribution of 35 species-groups including 393 species of genus Phaonia from China, using the principle and method of zoogeography; reports 363 endemic species, 14 endemic species-groups and 31 widespread species. This paper discusses about the relationship between origin, species and the natural history of the geology; researches on the differentiation process of species and species-groups of genus Phaonia, summarizes geographical pattern distribution and reasons of species and species-groups of the genus Phaonia from China.

Effective prevention and control of economically and/or public health important diseases of domestic animals has guaranteed and promoted the rapid development of the modern animal industry. The control of animal diseases benefits not only the the protection of animal welfare but also the improvement of the economic returns of the animal industry. Understanding the occurrence and development of diseases is critical for their prevention and control. The poultry industry in China is rapidly moving to the large-scale and intensive farming mode to meet the needs of the fast-growing market. Here we take chicken coccidiosis as an example to summarize its occurrence and prevalence and its negative effect on the modern poultry industry. We also briefly summarized advancement in coccidiosis control in China.

Scrub typhus is an infectious disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, transmitted by the bites of chigger mites, and usually characterized by acute fever, skin rash or scab, and sensitivity to antibiotics. Scrub typhus can result in severe multiorgan failure with a case fatality rate up to 70% without timely and appropriate treatment. Delayed treatment is the main cause of high mortality in patients with scrub typhus. Scrub typhus often has no typical symptoms, is easy to be confused with other regional diseases, and the clinical diagnostic methods are relatively backward and easy to be ignored. In present paper, the literature review dealt with the pathogen, clinical diagnosis and treatment characteristics and prevention and control strategies of scrub typhus is carried out in order to strengthen the public and clinicians' understanding of scrub typhus, improve the diagnosis level of the disease, and reduce the rate and mortality of scrub typhus.

The present paper deals with the mosquito systematics recorded in representative research literatures over the past and current years. The traditional classification of mosquitoes developed at the early twentieth century. The conceptions of mosquito systematics would be evolved in historic aspect of controversies and revised repeatedly. A relatively stable classification system of the family Culicidae and allied taxa was confirmed until the publication of ‘A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world, second edition’. The methods of cytogenetics and molecular identification have been used for members of the mosquito complex species identification, and ease up the troubles of misidentification or obscurities. At the beginning of 21th century, the studies on phylogeny and classification of Culicidae based on numerical morphology data analyses produced distinct influence for enhance the level of mosquito systematics. The new classification promises a major progress in comprehensive phylogeny of mosquitoes and the reformation of the traditional classification, which might affect not only in taxonomic ideas, but also with rational methods and procedures. The results of recent studies on tribe Aedini and allied taxa including many new genera, new composites, and changes of generic ranks indicates its activity and efficiency. The newly taxonomic conception suggested that the absence of comprehensive phylogeny for mosquitoes is a major obstacle in traditional classification, and suggested a new revised classification systems of the family Culicidae containing 2 subfamilies and 11 tribes. As for the current status of mosquito systemics in China, the authors try to revise the family Culcidae formerly recorded in China, and propose a new classification system, including 2 subfamilies, 10 tribes, 45 genera, and 420 species (including 11 taxonomic uncertainty species in tribe Aedini). Among them, the newly recorded mosquito genera of China: genus Lutzia and genus Kimia were briefly introduced.

Eosinophilia is an important characteristic of helminth infection. Injury of host epithelium caused by worms can induce the activation and differentiation of type 2 immune cells. Among them, eosinophils develop and mature under the action of cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules, and are recruited to the site of worm infection to exert immune effects by secreting a series of granule proteins and immune regulatory factors. This review examines the latest progress of the relationship between eosinophils and helminth, the duality of protective immunity and pathological damage of eosinophils on host, and immunomodulatory effect of eosinophils.

Viral hemorrhagic fever is a group of natural focus infection diseases caused by different viruses featured of pyrexia, haemorrhagia, shock and high case-fatality. Some of the diseases are related to arbovirus, including Rift valley fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, Yellow fever, Dengue fever, Kyasanur forest disease, Omsk hemorrhagic fever, and Chikungunya fever. The present paper made a review of the diseases listed above on their epidemic characteristic, etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.

The blood sucking Diptera insect fauna and its relationship with vector borne diseases in China was reviewed in the article．And the research advances of above in Hebei province was interested focused to provide measures to control and prevent vector borne disease, especially for the coming in cidental public health or bio-terrorismevents in Hebei province．

Animal parasitosis negatively impacts the development of animal husbandry and the food security of our country. Strengthening the detection and monitoring of animal parasites is the effective way to prevent and control animal parasitosis. Considering the deficiencies in the current detection standards of animal parasites of our country, this paper systematically collected and analyzed the present various detection methods, to provide the basis for the establishment and revision of the animal parasites-related detection standards in China.

Eimeira spp. of rabbits belong to Phylum Apicomplexa, which cause great economic losses in rabbit industry. For a long time, Vaccination has always been regarded as the most effective way to control coccidiosis. Study of the immunogenicity of rabbit coccidia is necessary for the development of the rabbit coccidian vaccine. Here we reviewed the recent research of immunity and vaccine of rabbit coccidia, hoping to make a contribution to the further study of the immunity against rabbit coccidia and the development of anticoccidial vaccine for rabbit.

Antimicrobial peptides are a kind of bioactive peptide substance produced by innate immune system of hosts in response to invading pathogens, which is an important component of the innate immune system. They have broad-spectrum activity against many pathogens (antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic and antitumor). Protozoa are single-cell eukaryotes, pathogenic protozoa can cause serious harm on human health and animal husbandry production. Studies have shown that antimicrobial peptides can inhibit the growth and development of protozoa and even kill protozoa. In this paper, the types, mechanism and application prospect of antimicrobial peptides were reviewed in order to provide the theoretical basis for the development of new broad-spectrum antiprotozoa drugs.

Cockroach gel bait has been widely used in China over 10 years for its safety and effectiveness. The registered products is increasing recently, resistance appears due to selective pressure from continuous application in cockroach control. Retrieved from literatures and other official publishes, gel bait productions registered in China were summarized by analysis of resistance level in cockroach populations. At this stage, cockroach gel bait products are characterized by a large number of manufacturers and a wide variety of active ingredients in China. The behaviour resistance to gel bait of cockroaches is not universal, its effectiveness usually are not significantly affected due to the gastric poison action mode.

Although raillietiniasis is recorded in all well-known textbooks of parasitology and helminthology, the life cycle of the causative organism and its mode of transmission are still unknown. In sections dealing with epidemiology and source of infection of this cestode, the hypothesis of Blanchard that the intermediate host of the parasite is probably the cockroach (Periplaneta orientalis), is universally cited. This hypothesis based in part upon the analogy drawn from the knowledge on the life history of members of Davainea known at that time, has neither epidemiologic nor experimental grounds. Pradatsundarasar (1960) reported 6 cases of human infection with Raillietina siriraji in Bangkok,Thailand. Two of the six new cases gave a history of putting a cockroach in their mouths. Based on this inquiry, he believed that the insect is the intermediate host of this tapeworm. Since the cockroaches were only put in the mouths without being actually eaten, the evidences are not conclusive to indicate that they are the responsible intermediaries of the parasite. The problem remains, therefore, unsolved.Serveys of recent literature indicate that new cases of raillietiniasis appeared in various parts of the world. Only within the last few years reports appeared on cases from Queensland and Brisban in Australia (Baer and Sandars, 1956), Batavia in Indonesia(Bonne and Mreyen, 1950), in Manila in Philippine Islands (Stransky and Lorenzo,1960), Bangkok in Thailand (Chandler and Pradatsundarasar, 1957; Pradatsundarasar,1960), and Kyushu in Japan (Miyazaki, 1950). These indicate that the disease is especially prevalent in southeastern Asia. With regard to China, cases have been reported from Taiwan (Hsieh, Maa and Chen, 1959), Foochow and Tsinkiang, Fukien, (Tang and Lin, 1959) and Canton, Kwangtung Province (Chen, 1960).Since 1953 we have been engaged in the study of the transmission problem of R.(R.) celebensis. At first we made observations on the environment of the houses where the infected children lived. Experiments were conducted to infect various kinds of insects and other invertebrates by feeding them with gravid segments of R. (R.) celebensis either from man or from rats. The insects used consisted of' larvae of. the rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis), and cat flea .(Ctenocephalus felis), the cockroaches (Periplaneta americana), the meal-worm larvae (Tribolium ferugineum, Alphitobius piceus O1.) the larvae of the rice moth (Pyralis farinalis), larvae of house fly (Musca domestica) etc. The result of all these experiments were negative. In 1957 we began to use ants as experimental hosts. For two to three years the experiments were unsuccessful, as we were unable to keep ants alive under laboratory conditions. In 1960 when we learned the method of keeping colonies of ants alive by adapting Fielde's glass-box method as described by Wheeler (1913), we succeeded in the experiments. We fed the ants with the gravid segments of R. (R.) celebensis, which were readily carried into the nest by worker ants. In October of the same year one worker ant from a colony, which had been experimentally infected 22 days previously, was discovered to harbour two milky white cysticercoids of R. (R.) celebensis. From June to September in 1961 two more successful experiments were recorded. In one experiment, slightly immature cysticercoids were dissected out from ants 20 days after infection. In another experiment 38 days after infection, fully mature cysticercoids were secured. Each infected ant contained from one to six cysticercoids in its abdominal cavity. The immature cysticercoids possess a smaller scolex and thicker cyst wall. The scolex can protrude outside the cyst wall when the larva was removed from the haemocoel of the ant and placed in water. The mature cysticercoids were larger. Four of them were fed to a white mouse, which unfortunately died three days after feeding, and four developing scoleces were found in its intestine.They are morphologically indistinguishable from the scolex of R. (R.) celebensis. It was observed that the gravid segments, after being carried into the nest, were fed to the larval ants. Young adult ants newly emerged from metamorphosis were found infected with the cysticercoids.The mature cysticercoid is 0.292 mm in length and 0.215 mm in width. The cyst wall of the immature cysticercoid measures about 0.025 mm, while that of the more ripened one is 0.008 mm. The fully formed scolex in the cyst has a length of 0.27 mm and a width of 0.20 mm. The rostellum is 0.065 mm in length and 0.086 mm in width.The circlet of rostellar hooks has a diameter of 0.073 mm. It is larger than the diameter of the sucker. The hooks are hammer-shaped. They are of two different lengths arranged in alternate rows. The longer hooks are 21.96 u in length, while the shorter ones 19.52 μ. The details of the excretory system can be observed in the living cysticercoid. It consists of two dorsal and two ventral longitudinal vessels, which are connected to form a net-work on both sides. A ring vessel is formed surrounding the rostellum.Two vessels, one on each side, arise from the ring vessel and extend to the fore part of the rostellum. In the mid-region of the scolex there are more than 40 oval calcareous concretions which are absent in the immature cysticercoid.The cysticercoid of R. (R.) celebensis is unique in morphological characters. Comparisons were made with other known cysticercoids of the genus Raillietina, such as R.(R.) echinobothrida and R. (R.) tetragona, the cysticercoids of which were described by Horsfall (1938). The cysticercoids of R. (R.) echinobothrida were also secured by us in Futsing district from a species of ants, so it enables us to compare the specimens of both species directly. The scolex of R. (R.) celebensis is smaller. Its circlet of rostellar hooks is larger than the sucker of the scolex, while the reverse is true in the other two species. The cysticercoids of R. (R.) echinobothrida possess minute but prominent spines on their suckers, which are not found in R. (R.) celebensis. By these morphological characters and the difference in body size, these larval forms may readily be distinguished.The intermediate hosts of R. (R.) celebensis are species of ants belonging to the genus Cardiocondyla Emery, 1869. They are tentatively identified as Cardiocondyla nuda Mayer, which is distributed in the Indo-Malayan region, as having been reported from Sikkim, Bengal, Barrackpore and Ceylon.With the discovery of intermediate host and the elucidation of the life cycle of R. (R.) celebensis, it is now possible to examine the different factors of epidemiology and the mode of transmission of rallietiniasis. Since ants of the genus Cardiocondyla may build their nests in kitchens or other places near human habitation, it can be visualized that the infection of the human and rodent hosts takes place through eating the infected ants alone or with the contaminated food. The four recorded cases from Fukien were all children. Of the 35 cases of rallietiniasis reported from different parts of the world, 88.57% of them were children and 54.28% of them were under 5 years of age. This significant characteristics of raillietiniasis, is probably associated with habit of the children. It may also be due to the lack of natural immunity which is better developed in adults.The taxonomic problem of R. (R.) celebensis and its related species is discussed.The nomenclature of African and South American forms is reviewed. The authors agree with Baer and Sandars (1956) in considering Raillietina (R.) celebensis var. paucicapsulata Meggitt and Subramanian, 1927; R. (R.) funebris Meggitt and Subram., 1927; R.(R.) garrisoni Tubangui, 1931; R. (R.) sinensis Hsu, 1935; R. (R.) murium Joyeux and Baer, 1936; R. (R.) formosana (Akashi, 1916) all as synonyms of R. (R.) celebensis (Janicki, 1902). The authors are of the opinion that R. (R.) siriraji Chandler and Pradatsundarasar, 1957 is also a synonym of R. (R.) celebensis. This cestode from Thailand,according to its description, is characterized by the shape of its rostellar hooks. It was found in the present investigation that the shape of the rostellar hooks appears differently in different angles of observation. The hooks in the intact rostellum look much thinner than those dissected out from the scolex and laid flat. As shown by the drawing made by Chandler and Pradatsundarasar (1957), the rostellar hooks of R. (R.) siriraji are morphologically indistinguishable from those of R. (R.) celebensis.

Toxoplasma gondii is an opportunistic pathogenic protozoan that causes zoonotic toxoplasmosis and is capable of infecting almost all warm-blooded animals, including humans. T. gondii infection is a globally prevalent zoonosis, posing a particularly high risk to immunocompromised populations. It presents a serious threat to public health and animal husbandry due to its complex life cycle and wide host range. Currently, the prevention and treatment of toxoplasmosis rely primarily on drugs, with a combination of sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine being the first choice in clinical practice. However, limitations in efficacy, side effects, and drug resistance restrict its widespread use. While some progress has been made in the development of anti-Toxoplasma drugs, no ideal treatment has yet been approved for market release or clinical trials. This paper reviews recent progress on the mechanisms of action and targets of novel anti-Toxoplasma drugs based on relevant studies. It aims to provide new ideas for future drug research and development while highlighting the opportunities and challenges in the field.

To clarify the potential distribution of Culex tritaeniorhynchus Glies in China, the MaxEnt model was used to predict the distribution of suitable habitats for Cx. tritaeniorhynchus by combining 19 climate factors with strong correlation with its survival. The results showed that under current climate conditions, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus is mainly distributed in southeast and central China, with a highly suitable area of 2 662 900 km² and a moderately suitable area of 1 537 700 km²; the potential distribution of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus will expand to different degrees by future climate change under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 126 climate scenario, and the highly suitable area will expand to 3 628 100 km²and 3 566 700 km²in 2021—2040 and 2041—2060, respectively. The AUC value is 0.985, which indicates that the prediction results are accurate and reliable. Among the climate factors influencing the potential distribution of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in China, the top important four contributing factors were the precipitation of warmest quarter (51.6%), isothermality (19.1%), precipitation seasonality (13.0%) and mean temperature of coldest quarter (7.8%); the results of the Jackknife method showed that the precipitation of warmest quarter, annual mean temperature and the mean temperature of driest quarter played a significant influence on the distribution of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in China. The prediction results show that the suitable area of Culex trituberculatus in China has a tendency to expand to the northwest, and the highly suitable area of Culex trituberculatus in the southeast coastal area will be reduced in 2041-2060.

Objective To understand the implementation status of “Diagnosis of Ascariasis” (WS/T 565-2017) and provide a scientific basis for promoting, revising, and improving the Standard. Methods Using the convenient sampling method, the investigation targeted professional and technical personnel at the provincial, city, county, and township levels engaged in parasitic disease prevention, control, or diagnosis and treatment in Anhui and Sichuan provinces. No less than 150 individuals were included in each province. The implementation survey of Diagnosis of Ascariasis (WS/T 565-2017) was conducted by the subjects completing a questionnaire by themselves. Results The response rate to the questionnaire was 91.90% (386/420). The awareness and utilization rates of the Standard were 81.87% and 49.22%, respectively and both increased with age (χ² trend = 7.977 and 19.016, respectively, P < 0.01). Respondents with college degrees (90.72%) had a higher awareness rate (χ² = 8.619, P < 0.05). In terms of utilization rate, males (58.38%), those with college degrees (67.01%), staff members of provincial-level units (77.78%), and personnel in medical institutions (71.43%) had higher utilization rates (χ² = 13.486, 17.166, 8.426, and 5.956, respectively, all P < 0.05). The survey indicated that 57.77% of the work units of respondents have conducted promotional activities, and 53.89% of the work units of respondents have sent personnel to participate in training. Moreover, this proportion tended to increase as the unit level decreased (χ²trend = 9.403 and 14.729, P < 0.01). The level of participation in publicity and training by medical institutions (89.29%) was significantly higher than that of disease control institutions (55.31% and 51.12%, respectively, χ² = 12.290 and 15.225, P < 0.01). Furthermore, training participation is a crucial factor in enhancing awareness rates. A total of 368 respondents (95.34%) reported that their work units have conducted testing for ascariasis. Additionally, 378 individuals (97.92%) believe that the Standard is “applicable” or “basically applicable,” while 369 (95.60%) felt that no revisions were needed. Conclusions The results indicated that “Diagnosis of Ascariasis” (WS/T 565-2017) remains applicable to the diagnostic needs of ascariasis and it is recommended to strengthen its promotion and implementation.

Insects frequently encounter microbial infections in their natural environment.Infections such as viruses carried by vector arthropods can cause serious human illness or animal epidemics.However, insects rely primarily on their innate immune system to defend themselves against pathogenic infections. Based on its structure and effector mechanisms, the immune system primarily comprises cellular and humoral immunity. Cellular immunity involves phagocytosis, agglutination, and encapsulation, carried out by hemocytes. Humoral immunity mostly depends on immunological proteins generated by adipose cells to protect against infections using antimicrobial peptides or melanization reactions.Antimicrobial peptide synthesis contributed significantly to specific immune signalling pathways including Toll, IMD and JAK/STAT. Studying insects' natural defences would help develop new ways to protect humans and animals from vector-borne diseases.

Olfaction plays important roles in the behavior of insect.Therefore,unraveling the olfactory mechanism will be useful to regulate insect behaviors for effective pest contro1.With the rapid development of insect behavior,biochemistry,molecular biology and insect electrophysiology,many bioactive moleculesand genes associated with olfaction have been identified in recent years,whichmakes it possible to investigate the olfactory mechanism of insect deeply.Here,the odor molecules,odorant-binding proteins and odorant receptors were reviewed to unravel the olfactory mechanism of insect.

Currently, the strategies for control and prevention of Schistosomiasis improved from "transmission interruption" to "elimination stage" focused on the Schistosome cercariae. Rapid identification of Schistosome cercariae from environmental water bodies can provide scientific basis for risk assessments, alerts of schistosomiasis with surveillance data. The technical progress and current situation of enrichment and detection of schistosoma cercariae from environmental water have been reviewed in present paper for providing a reference in prevention and control of schistosomiasis in endemic areas.

Cyclospora,a coccidian parasite,with a fecal-oral life cycle,has become recognized worldwide as an emerging pathogen. It caused human and animal gastro-intestinal illness and chronic diarrhea. Molecular and pathogenesis information on the emerging pathogen is still scarce. The aim of this review is to summarise the current status of knowledge about Cyclospora, including theetiology,epidemiology and diagnosis aspects.

The gut microbiota of mosquitoes plays a crucial role in the transmission of mosquito\|borne diseases, among which Serratia are an essential component to interact with host mosquitoes in several ways. This review summarized the progress of Serratia in mosquito gut in terms of their influences on the physiological behaviors and functions in mosquitoes, which might provide a basis for identifying novel targets to block pathogen transmission and expand new strategies for the prevention and control of mosquito and mosquito-borne diseases.

Immune evasion is one of the main reasons why parasites can survive and adapt to parasitism within host. It's great significance to study the mechanisms of immune evasion for the research and development of anti-parasitic vaccines and medicines. Schistosomes and other parasitic flatworms are a group of parasites which seriously harm human health and livestock. There have already been a series of studies on their immune evasion. This paper aims to make a review of the research progress in this field.

Mosquitoes are one of the most important vectors for transmitting diseases such as malaria, dengue fever and yellow fever. In mosquitoes, the olfactory system plays a crucial role in many types of behavior, including nectar feeding, host preference selection and oviposition. Odorant receptors (ORs) are comprised of highly variable odorant-binding subunits associated with one conserved co-receptor. They are potential molecular targets for the development of novel mosquito attractants and repellents. ORs have been identified in the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, and in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. This review enclosed the lately research progress of ORs, including the characteristics of structure, expression regulation and physiological function. Moreover, a highly conserved, broadly expressed olfactory receptor Or83b were summarized in the article. The relationship between OR with the development of mosquito repellents was also involved in the present paper.

Mosquito-borne diseases pose a great threat to public health in China, and detailed knowledge on the distribution, seasonal fluctuations and drug resistance of mosquito vectors could pave limestone for the prevention and control of infectious diseases. The current status and existing problems of mosquito vector monitoring in Guangzhou were retrospectively reviewed in present paper. Suggestions such as financial supports, capability building on species identification and the development of Integrated digital platform for surveillance data were proposed to enhance future mosquito and mosquito borne diseases monitoring.

Brucellosis is a kind of natural epidemic disease with serious harm to human and animals, the transmission mode is complex, and the pathogen has many forms of preservation in the epidemic area. Recent studies have shown that ticks are one of the important pathways for Brucella reserved and transmission, and important epidemiological significance in the transmission and prevalence. Ticks can naturally carry Brucella spp. Brucella could transmit transstadally and transovarially in ticks, which suggested that ticks may be important vectors of Brucella spp. was frequently detected in salivary glands and midgut.B. melitensis and B. bortus were shown highly pathogenic to human beings, which also have been detected in several ticks species. Therefore, Brucella may possess a "livestock-tick-livestock/human" transmission cycle.

Three new species, i.e. Helina yunnanica sp. nov., Helina haiyanicus sp. nov. and Helina luensis sp. nov., are described and illustrated. The type specimens are deposited in the Collections of Medical Entomology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.
1.Helina yunnanica sp. nov. (Figs. 1-5)
♂: Body length 6.0 mm, black dark. The new species is similar to Helina spinisternita Fang et Fan, 1992, but can be distinguished from the latter by following characters: (1) mid tibia without ad of seta, but the latter with it; (2) 5th tergite of abdomen without lateral spot, but the latter with one; (3) cerci long cone-shaped in posterior view, but the latter is rectangular; (4) length of surstylus is about equal to it's width in lateral view, but the latter is 4 times as long as the width.
♀: Unknown.
Holotype ♂, Yunnan (Majie, 1500 m, 23°40′N, 105°10′E), Oct. 08, 1965 collected by YE Zong-Mao.
Etymology: The specific name is derived from the Chinese phonetic alphabet “Yunnan” and Latin word “ica”, referring the type locality in Yunnan Province.
2.Helina haiyanicus sp. nov. (Figs. 6-11)
♂, Body length 8.0～8.2 mm, black dark. The new species is similar to Helina leptinocorpus Fang et Fan, 1986, but can be distinguished from the latter by following characters: (1) eyes covered with densely long hairs, but the latter with sparsely microchaeta; (2) sternopleural bristles 2+2, but the latter 1+2; (3) fore tibia without p of seta, but the latter with one; (4) surstylus of male backward in lateral view, but the latter straightly; (5) cerci straight in lateral view, but the latter curved in arc.
♀: Unknown.
Holotype ♂, Qinghai (Haiyan, 2 500 m, 36°57′N, 101°05′E), Jul. 20, 1964, collected by XUE Jing-Min, paratype 1♂, same as holotype.
Etymology: The specific name is derived from the Chinese phonetic alphabet “haiyan” and Latin word “icus”, referring the type locality in Haiyan County of Qinghai Province.
3.Helina luensis sp. nov. (Figs. 12-16)
♂: Body length 8.0 mm, black dark. The new species is similar to Helina yunnanica Feng sp. nov., but can be distinguished from the latter by following characters: (1) eyes bare, but the latter with sparsely microchaeta; (2) hind tibia with pd of seta on subbase, but the latter without one; (3) 5th tergite with spots and vitta, but the latter without it; (4) cerci of male with densely microchaeta on upper-half part, and the lower-half part luminous, but the latter not as above.
♀: Unknown.
Holotype ♂, Shandong (Shidao, 120 m, 36°58′N, 122°40′E), May 05, 1960, collected by YE Zong-Mao.
Etymology: The specific name is derived from Chinese phonetic alphabet “Lu” and Latin word “ensis”, referring the type locality in Shandong Province (Shandong is called “Lu” for short).

Chicken coccidiosis causes huge economic losses to the poultry industry annually. Much attention is payed onto the biology of coccidia and the development of vaccines and drugs against coccidiosis. Recently, a lot of work in this field, including the annotation of functional genes, molecular identification methods, has been participated by Chinese researchers. As the fast update of molecular biotechnology and the application of genetic manipulation tools for coccidia research, it is now possible to understand the functions of key genes and decode many special biological phenomena of Eimeria species. This article reviews the current progress in molecular biotechniques of chicken coccidia in China.

The development of environmental friendly, low toxicity and high efficiency cockroach baits is vital important in chemical control of cockroach. In the present paper, the botanical-based substances, aggregation pheromone combined with edible bait were used to carry out cockroaches trapping trial. The trapping efficiency of bait was evaluated by the behavioral response and mortality of Blattella germanica and Periplaneta americana to the three baits of recipe 1 (PPF-A), recipe 2 (PPF-B) and recipe 3 (PPF-C). The results showed that the approach responses of B. germanica and P. americane to the three baits (PPF-A, PPF-B, PPF-C) were significantly higher than that of control, but no statistical difference existed between the groups, and the approach response rate of P. americane was lower than of B. germanica. All German cockroaches died within 7 days after feeding the three kinds of bait, and those feeding agent PPF-C died within 6 days, but no one died in the control group. Those P. americane that only feeding agent PPF-C died within 7 days. The alluring effect of the three baits was higher to German cockroaches than to American cockroaches. The bait PPF-C showed the best control efficiency to both P. americana and B. germanica.

Teaching evaluation is the core of the supervision on talents cultivation quality. Apart from constructing the human parasitology online course, we have also established the corresponding online teaching evaluation system in the Department of Parasitology of Capital Medical University as online teaching becoming the main way of talents cultivation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Students were evaluated based on evaluation process in the form of classroom performance, questions after class, periodic unit testing, morphological drawing, designing experiment report, the virtual simulation experiment and summative evaluation in the form of a final online test and aquired feedback on how online learning work and suggestions for teaching improvement from students through questionnaire survey. The experience of the construction and application of online teaching evaluation system was summarized to bring out the assesment, feedback and supervision functions of teaching evaluation and improve the quality of talents cultivation.

This paper introduces the theories related to spatial sampling and statistical inference and discusses the research progress of the application of major spatial sampling methods in the monitoring of vectors such as mosquitoes, rodents and snails. It attempts to incorporate spatial stratified sampling methods and spatial sandwich sampling methods into the mosquito monitoring system to enrich the sampling methods of mosquito surveillance. It is expected to use less human, material, and financial costs to obtain more detailed small-scale surveillance results, which could help to better allocate limited resources for vector and mosquito-borne infectious disease control and focus on areas with high mosquito density.

Chicken coccidiosis is widespread and seriously affects the healthy development of the chicken industry in China. At present, there are lots of investigations on the occurrence of chicken coccidia in various places, but only a few reports on the overall epidemic situation in the country were presented. This paper sorted out the investigation reports after the founding of the People's Republic of China and found that the infection rates of coccidia in chicken in all parts of China is above 50%. The common species are Eimeria tenella, E. maxima, E. acervulina, E. mitis and E. necatrix. The prevalence of chicken coccidiosis in China was influenced by feeding management, environment and climate factors, immunosuppression or other diseases, and age of chicken. At the same time, we also found that the means of detecting chicken coccidia in the literatures are too imprecise and simple to make proper diagnosis. More than 60% papers reported chicken oocysts detected only by microscopic observations and more than 80% papers limited the investigation scope within only one city even a town. More comprehensive prevention and control measures and improved detection methods should be taken to control the spread of chicken coccidia and promote chicken industry development in future.