Objective To compare and analyze malaria epidemic trends and characteristics of initial confirmed cases before and after malaria eliminating in Qingjiangpu District, Huai'an City, and to provide a scientific basis for improving strategies to prevent imported malaria retransmission.Methods Malaria case data from Qingjiangpu District were obtained from the National Infectious Disease Information Reporting System for 2010-2023. Case investigation and epidemiological data were summarized and analyzed for the pre-elimination period (2010-2016) and post-elimination period (2017-2023).Results A total of 185 malaria cases were reported between 2010 and 2023, with one locally acquired case in both 2010 and 2011; the remainder were imported, primarily falciparum malaria. Post-elimination cases decreased from 140 to 45, showing a statistically significant difference in case distribution ratios (χ² = 9.642, P < 0.05). Seasonal peaks occurred in early January and mid-July before elimination but showed no distinct pattern afterward.Malaria cases were mainly imported from Africa countries, and most patients were young adult males. Post-elimination, the proportion of migrant workers decreased, while technical and business personnel increased significantly (χ² = 17.855, P < 0.05). Both time-to-diagnosis and time-to-certification changed markedly after elimination, with township health centers showing improved diagnostic accuracy at initial visits. All confirmed patients were treated at designated municipal medical institutions.Conclusions After malaria elimination in Qingjiangpu District, imported malaria remains a serious concern, with cases reported each year. Therefore, it is necessary to continue strengthening the malaria monitoring system, enhance screening and evaluation of key populations, improve health education, raise diagnostic and treatment capacity across all medical institutions, and consolidate the achievements of malaria elimination.

Objective The aim was to evaluate the effects of efforts directed toward controlling Oncomelania hupensis snails on small environmental modification projects in Anqing City to provide a reference for comprehensively controlling O. hupensis in hilly areas where schistosomiasis is endemic.Methods Field and retrospective surveys were conducted to collect data using questionnaires. The data from 35 questionnaires on small-scale environmental modification projects in Anqing City and the effects of snail obtained from monitoring forms were sorted. The data were descriptively analyzed using basic information on environmental modifications and investment costs. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare snail status before and after environmental interventions. The Friedman test was applied to evaluate the changes in snail populations in the years after environmental intervention. Non-parametric independent sample tests were adopted to compare differences in the effects of different environmental interventions, environmental characteristics, and between project and control areas.Results A total of 35 environments altered from 2017 to 2023, including the creation of 29 ditches, 1 dry land, and 5 pond-weirs. The main environmental interventions included hardening of ditches and pond-weirs as well as tilling with intercropping. The average investment costs of mortared rubble masonry hardening and tilling with intercropping were the highest (147.10 yuan/m²) and lowest (4.62 yuan/m²), respectively. The pre-intervention snail-infested area was 78 900 m², which decreased to 18 100 m², a decrease of 77.06%. After environmental intervention, the density and rate of living snails significantly decreased on frames with snails (P<0.001). In ditch environments, the smoothness of the ditch walls and the presence of snails in the upper reaches did not significantly decrease the living snail density; however, the presence of cracks on the inner side of the ditches significantly impacted the decline in the rate (P<0.001). No significant difference was found in the rates at which the living snail density or snail frame occurrence decreased among different environmental modification method. The effects of brick masonry, concrete, and mortared rubble masonry on snail control were significantly stronger than those of chemical snail control (P<0.01), whereas no significant difference was found in the decline in these two rates between project areas using other modification method and control areas using chemical snail control.Conclusions Schistosomiasis-prevention-oriented environmental interventions effectively eliminate snails from hilly snail-infested areas. Cost-effective modification method should be selected based on the environmental type, and post-modification monitoring and maintenance must be strengthened to further increase snail control effectiveness.

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and changing trend of typhus in Shaanxi Province from 2005 to 2023 to provide a scientific basis for its prevention and control.Methods Excel 2007, SPSS 25.0, Joinpoint 4.9.1.0, and Geoda 1.6 were used for data collection and statistical analysis. Super Map was used for data visualization to describe the changing characteristics of the disease.Results A total of 394 typhus cases were reported in Shaanxi Province from 2005 to 2023. The average annual incidence of typhus was 0.054/100 000, showing a dynamic fluctuation trend (AAPC=-3.3, t=-0.3, P>0.05). The cases were mainly concentrated in Baoji, Hanzhong and Xi'an, accounting for 78.68%. The incidence peak was from May to October, accounting for 64.21% of annual incidence. The epidemic season was from May to October and December. The incidence of the disease was concentrated in the 40-69 age group, accounting for 58.88%, and the sex was 1.07∶1. The main occupation was farmers, accounting for 72.08%. The median time from onset to diagnosis was 7 days. Global spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that there were significant spatial autocorrelations in 11 years from 2005 to 2023 (P<0.05). Local spatial autocorrelation analysis detected a total of 43 “high-high” clustering areas, mainly concentrated in Baoji City.Conclusions The overall incidence of typhus in Shaanxi Province showed a dynamic fluctuation trend, with notable seasonal and regional aggregation. The incidence of typhus was higher in middle-aged and elderly people in rural areas. Surveillance should be strengthened in typhus endemic areas in summer and autumn, and health education should be conducted for key population to form good health habits and reduce the incidence of typhus.

Objective This study conducted molecular biological identification of the viruses carried by Culex pipiens pallens specimens collected in Shunyi District, Beijing in 2023, and observed the changes in the infection rate of the viruses carried by Cx. pipiens pallens at different collection times.Methods Cx. pipiens pallens were collected using carbon dioxide mosquito traps. The mosquito samples were ground in batches and analyzed by molecular biology technologies. The virus infection rate at different collection times was analyzed statistically.Results 17 strains of Culex pipiens pallens densovirus (CppDNV) were identified from Cx. pipiens pallens samples collected in Shunyi District, Beijing, in 2023. The nucleotide sequence analysis of the virus genome coding region showed that CppDNV was a single-stranded DNA virus with a total length of 3 335 nt, encoding 2 non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2) and 1 capsid protein (VP). The nucleotide (amino acid) sequence lengths of the three proteins were 2 376 nt (791 aa), 1 092 nt (363 aa) and 1 071 nt (356 aa), respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CppDNV was located in genus Brevihamaparvovirus. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference in infection rates across collection times (χ²=4.429, P=0.194).Conclusions CppDNV was identified in Cx. pipiens pallens in Beijing, and it was stably maintained in this natural population.

Objective This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity, differentiation, and population structure of Aedes albopictus across different geographical regions in Shandong Province, and to explore the relationship between genetic diversity and geographical distribution.Methods Between July and August 2024, ten Ae. albopictus populations were sampled from seven cities in Shandong Province. Genomic DNA was extracted from individual mosquitoes, and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COⅠ) gene was amplified using PCR and sequenced. The obtained sequences were verified using BLAST and analyzed with MAFFT, MEGA 11, DnaSP v6.12, Arlequin 3.5, PopART 1.7, STRUCTURE 2.3.4 and the R packages adegenet and vegan to assess genetic diversity and population structure.Results A total of 229 COⅠ sequences (662 bp) was obtained, revealing ten variable sites with no insertions or deletions. The overall base composition showed an AT bias of 67.7%. Haplotype analysis identified 11 haplotypes, with Hap2 being the dominant and most widely distributed haplotype across all populations. Neutrality tests showed significant population expansion only in the Rizhao population. Mantel testing result revealed that geographical distance does not significantly impede gene flow. Overall, genetic differentiation among populations was low, indicating frequent gene flow. When combined with additional samples from Shanghai, Fujian, Guangdong, Yunnan, Hainan and Guangxi, STRUCTURE, UPGMA and DAPC analyses revealed two primary genetic clusters of Ae. albopictus.Conclusions Ae. albopictus populations in Shandong Province exhibit frequent gene flow, low genetic differentiation, and relatively low overall genetic diversity. However, the Rizhao population showed signs of recent expansion, highlighting the need for enhanced surveillance and targeted control measures in this area.

Objective To understand mosquito density, species composition, and seasonal variations around the Beijing Capital International Airport (BCIA) and provide scientific evidence for mosquito-borne disease prevention and control.Methods Meteorological data were collected from 2016 to 2022, and mosquito density was monitored at seven surveillance sites around the BCIA from May to October each year using CO₂-baited mosquito traps to analyze the relationship between mosquito density and meteorological factors.Results In total, 68 518 female mosquitoes were captured, with a mosquito density of 10.20 per light·hour. The dominant species was Culex pipiens pallens (73.90%), followed by Aedes albopictus (9.71%) and Ae. vexans (9.29%); the mosquito density was highest in 2016 (14.8 per light·hour) and lowest in 2022 (4.46 per light·hour). Significant statistical differences were observed in mosquito density among different species (F=18.118, P<0.05). The density of Cx. pipiens pallens and other mosquito species showed a mutually exclusive trend; the peak of mosquito density varied based on years and habitats, with significant statistical differences in mosquito density among different habitats (F=8.504, P<0.05). The highest mosquito density was observed near the Wenyu River (21.50 per light·hour), whereas the lowest was recorded at the BCIA construction site (2.44 per light·hour). The monthly average temperature (r=0.595), monthly average highest temperature (r=0.575), and monthly average lowest temperature (r=0.624) showed moderate positive correlations, whereas the monthly average air pressure (r=-0.484) showed a moderate negative correlation. The monthly average minimum temperature was included in the regression model (F=25.575, P<0.000), and the equation Y=1.029X₄-8.181 was used. The monthly average air pressure 2 months prior (b=-2.418, β=-1.619, P<0.05) and the monthly average relative humidity (b=-0.739, β=-1.201, P<0.05) significantly negatively predicted the mosquito density. Notably, the regression equation used was y=2526.170+(-2.418)X₉+(-0.739)X₁₃. The exposure-response analysis revealed that the density of mosquitoes was not linearly related to the average monthly air pressure, rainfall, and duration of sunshine.Conclusions The dominant mosquito species around the BCIA was Cx. pipiens pallens, Ae. albopictus, and Ae. vexans. During the control of Cx. pipiens pallens, the impact on other mosquito species must also be considered. Environmental management, breeding sites, and scientific use of pesticides should be prioritized based on the activity periods of mosquitoes. Further studies on mosquitoes and meteorological factors should be conducted to provide references and novel avenues for mosquito control.

Objective To investigate the species composition of mosquitoes and breeding conditions of larvae in the rice planting areas of Beijing, and to provide a scientific basis for mosquito control in rice fields.Methods Adult mosquitoes were collected using CO₂-baited light traps, and mosquito larvae (including pupae) were sampled via the dipping method.Results A total of 4 genera and 6 species of adult mosquitoes were captured in the study area. The dominant species were Culex pipiens pallens, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, and Anopheles sinensis. The average adult mosquito density was 5.11 specimens per trap-hour, with slightly lower density in July compared to August. For larvae and pupae, 3 genera and 4 species were identified, dominated byCx. tritaeniorhynchus, An. sinensis, and Aedes vexans.Conclusions The mosquito species composition in Beijing's rice planting areas is diverse. Mosquito control strategies should prioritize the management of adult mosquitoes, while density control of mosquito larvae in paddy fields can be achieved through intermittent irrigation techniques.

Objective This study reports on the obligatory parasitism of water mites Arrenurus sp. on Anopheles messeae at the Manzhouli Port, Inner Mongolia, China.Methods Duing July 2024, a survey on the mosquito diversity was conducted at the Manzhouli Port. Captured mosquitoes and their ectoparasites were identified to species level.Results A total of 1840 adult mosquitoes were collected, representing species from three genera: Culex (Cx. modestus, Cx. pipiens pallens), Aedes (Ae. dorsalis, Ae. flavidorsalis, Ae. flavescens), and Anopheles (An. messeae). Among all the mosqutioes specimens, 3 out of 150 captured An. messeae were found to carry ectoparasitic mites, with number of 2, 4, 27 mites separately. Morphological and molecular identification reached the same result as water mites (Hydrachnidiae, Hydracrina). COI gene sequence showed 94% similarity with the closest species Arrenurus truncatellus.Conlusions Literature review suggests water mites are host-specific parasitism of mosquito species and herein with the first record of Arrenurus sp. parasiting on An. Messeae in the most high-latitude region globally.

This article describes a new species of Genus Xenodaeria Jordan (1932) (Siphonaptera: Ctenophthalmidae), collected from the southern slope of Cangshan mountain in Dali, Yunnan. The new species is similar to Xenodayia telios, Jordan 1932, and X. laxiproceria Wu, Gu et Liu, 1996, but more like X. telios. However, it can be distinguished from X. telios and other known species in the genus based on the following characteristics: The movable process of the male gripper is bent finger shaped, with a blunt end and no angular protrusion extending forward; The posterior St. VII in females has a semi-circular deep depression, with blunt rounded ends of the dorsal and ventral lobes, and the dorsal lobes are wider and longer than the ventral lobes. The type specimen was collected on November 2, 1994 from the shrubbery at an altitude of approximately 2 450 m in the southern end of Cangshan Mountain in Dali City, Yunnan Province. The host species were Anourosorex squamipes and Crocidura rapax.

This study reports a new species of Culicoides (Avaritia) isolated from Xunke County, Heilongjiang Province, China.The new species, Culicoides (Avaritia) dongshanensis Liu et Wang, sp. nov., was identified and illustrated based on female adults. Its diagnostic characteristics are as follows: eyes contiguous over a short distance, with short interfacetal hair, antennal ratio (AR) of 1.20, palpal ratio (PR) of 2.16, wing length of 0.83 mm, mandible with 15 teeth, one pale spot in base cell M₁, one pale spot in cell M₄, two pale spots in cell A, and two unequal spermathecae. Type specimens were deposited at the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of the Northern Theater Command.

In this study, there were three toxoplasmosis patients, two of whom developed symptoms in both eyes. One patient had a slight deviation of the lesion from the central fovea, which had a minor impact on vision. The diagnosis of this disease requires not only a close pet contact history and typical clinical manifestations, but also serology and the gold standard Goldmann-Witmer coefficient (GWC). However, the GWC of some patients cannot be detected at the initial stage, such as the first patient's GWC, which did not meet the standard. All three patients underwent metagenomic testing to assist with diagnosis.

We report a case of a female farmer from the Yichang suburb, aged 68 years, who had been suffering from the infection for 3 years and had a history of seeking medical treatment at a community hospital and receiving blood transfusions. Her hemoglobin was as low as 28 g/L during this visit, and she had been ill for a long time with severe anemia. Routine stool examination revealed hookworm eggs. After active treatment, the patient recovered and was discharged from the hospital.

The child, male, 11 years old, Han nationality, student of Qiandongnan Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou Province, visited the General Hospital of Hunan Medical University on October 1, 2024 due to “cough, chest tightness for 10 days and pericardial effusion was found for 8 days.” The child has a history of eating raw crabs. Admission examination: shortness of breath, slightly cyanotic lips, mild trifoveal symptoms, low heart sound, and routine blood showed significant eosinophil elevation. Serological examination showed that pulmonary fluke antibody IgG was positive, chest and abdomen CT and cardiac ultrasound showed a large amount of pericardial effusion, medium pleural effusion on the right side with lower right lung insufficiency, small pleural effusion on the left side, small effusion on the abdominal cavity, three-point Slight reflux of the valve. Considering that it is a clinical diagnosis case of complication flukesomyces disease, the child was given a praziquantel tablet, 25 mg/kg, 3 times a day, for 3 consecutive days. The treatment was treated at the above dose for 1 week interval for 1 course of treatment, and 3 courses were given. After three months, the child recovered well after the follow-up visit. The child did not complain of special discomfort, and the CT showed a small amount of effusion.

Echinococcosis is categorized into alveolar echinococcosis and cystic echinococcosis, a potentially fatal zoonotic disease that seriously damages the host. MicroRNA is a type of endogenous small non-coding RNA that binds specifically to the target gene mRNA sequence to promote mRNA degradation, or combines with other non-coding RNA to regulate or inhibit translation. Echinococcus-derived microRNA participates in various biological processes in the Echinococcus lifecycle and in the interaction and pathogenesis between Echinococcus and host through extracellular vesicle transport. This article reviews the research progress of parasite-derived microRNA in regulating the growth and development of echinococcosis and cross-species regulation of hosts, providing a reference for diagnosing and treating echinococcosis.