To summarize the diagnosis and treatment of enterobiasis and provide a technical basis for future prevention and control measures, a case of enterobiasis in Guangling D., Yangzhou City was reported from medical consultation, diagnosis, deworming, and follow-up. In the process of four medical services in different medical institutions, the third medical institution made a correct clinical diagnosis based on the morphologic examination of Enterobius vermicularis. The undesirable effect of the first trial treatment with deworming drugs suggested an urgent training need of medical institutions for the diagnosis and prevention of parasitic diseases. It is also imperative to improve health education on personal hygiene and environmental disinfection for prevention and radical cure of E. vermicularis infection.

Clonorchis sinensis (hookworm) is a foodborne parasite. Infection is caused by consuming raw or semi-raw freshwater fish and shrimp containing metacercariae. It is often misdiagnosed or overlooked because of its hidden onset and atypical clinical symptoms. In the present study, the diagnosis and treatment of two cases of light clonorchiasis infection were reported, and epidemiological investigations were performed. Clinical symptoms, laboratory diagnostic characteristics, epidemiological characteristics, and pathogenic agents of clonorchiasis were analyzed by clinicians to improve the diagnosis and treatment of clonorchiasis and to achieve early prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

Objective Observation of the response of Aedes albopictus to DEET and Dimefluthrin in the Three-Part Tube to evaluate the effectiveness of spatial repellency of dimefluthrin. Methods Referenced to the structure and principle of the HITTS device, the Three-Part Tube were designed to observe the behaviors and response of Ae. albopictus to dimefluthrin and deet in the Three-Part Tube. Results Aedes albopictus showed no repellent response in the blank condition of the Three-Part Tube (P>0.05). When tested with DEET in the Three-Part Tube, Aedes albopictus showed repellent effects at 1.0% to 50.0% (P<0.05). For dimefluthrin, repellency was observed at concentrations ranging from 0.0035% to 0.0050% (P < 0.05). The repellent effect of 0.0050% dimefluthrin was comparable to that of 20% DEET, with no statistically significant difference (P > 0.999). Conclusions Dimefluthrin at concentrations ranging from 0.0035% to 0.0050% had good spatial repellency against Ae. albopictus.

Objectives To investigate the subcellular localization of amino acid transporter 1 (CpAAT1) in Cryptosporidium parvum. Methods Based on bioinformatics analysis of the amino acid sequence of CpAAT1, specific polypeptide fragments were designed and synthesized for rabbit polyclonal antibodies. The specificity of the antibody was verified using western blotting and the subcellular localization of the protein was analyzed using an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Results The CpAAT1 polyclonal antibody specifically recognized the native protein of C. parvum and was expressed in all life stages of the parasite. At the sporozoite stage, CpAAT1 was localized on the surface of sporozoites, and at the meront stage, the protein was localized on the surface of the mature merozoite membrane. At the sexual reproduction stage, both male and female gametes can be labeled with the antibody. Conclusions This study provides novel insights that are useful for further exploration of the mechanisms of amino acid transporters in C. parvum.

Objective This study was performed to investigate the subcellular localization and adhesion properties of the Cryptosporidium parvum fibronectin type Ⅲ domain-containing protein (CpFN3). CpFN3 is a 2 430-aa single-pass type I membrane protein encoded by the cgd4_640 gene. Methods A CpFN3-epitope short peptide was designed to immunize two specific pathogen-free rabbits, from which polyclonal antibodies were affinity-purified.As expected, this antibody detected a 280 kDa band on Western blot analysis of a crude sporozoite extract.In an immunofluorescence assay, the antibody labeled the surface of C. parvum sporozoites and trophozoites mainly in granular form. The antibody labeled all lifecycle stages, from sporozoites to intracellular asexual and sexual stages. A protein fragment spanning the FN3 domain was expressed as a His-tagged recombinant protein (His-CpFN3) in bacteria and purified to determine binding kinetics by ELISA. Results In congruence with the presence of the FN3 domain, His-CpFN3 displayed high binding affinity to fixed HCT-8 with an apparent K_d of 0.23 μmol/L and to heparin with a K_d of 1.21 μmol/L. Conclusions Binding kinetics for both targets showed dose-dependence and saturability, indicating that binding is specific in both cases. The data suggest that CpFN3 may play a role in parasite-host adhesion.

Objective This study aimed to explore the regulatory roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in mice with allergic reactions induced by Echinococcus granulosus. Methods A mouse model of Echinococcosis was established, and spleen mononuclear cells were collected for transcriptomic sequencing. The differential expressions of mRNAs and miRNAs between allergic and non-allergic mice were compared. The target regulatory relationships between mRNAs and miRNAs were predicted using TargetScan and miRanda softwares, and core genes were identified through protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. The biological functions of these core genes were further explored via enrichment analysis. Finally, key results were validated using qRT-PCR and Western blot. Results A total of 1 642 differentially expressed mRNAs were identified between allergic and non-allergic mice. Among the 18 differentially expressed miRNAs, 60 target genes were identified, with the top 10 genes having the highest connectivity in the PPI network-deemed as core genes. Enrichment analysis showed that these core genes are primarily involved in the NF-kappa B signaling pathway. Based on the negative regulatory effects between miRNAs and mRNAs and the dual-luciferase reporter system, mmu-miR-8114 was found to target Atf3 and mmu-miR-3473b to target Myd88, both of which are related to the NF-kappa B signaling pathway. qRT-PCR validation showed that mmu-miR-8114 and mmu-miR-3473b were downregulated in allergic mice, while Atf3, Myd88, and Socs3 were upregulated. Increased activity of the NF-kappa B signaling pathway was observed in allergic mice through qRT-PCR and Western blot results. Conclusions This study reveals the significant role of mmu-miR-8114 and mmu-miR-3473b in regulating mouse allergic reactions through the NF-kappa B signaling pathway, offering new insights into the mechanisms behind allergic reactions caused by Echinococcus granulosus infection.

Wild hedgehogs may act as carriers and/or hosts for bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens with zoonotic potential, posing a significant threat to humans. Humans are increasingly invading hedgehog habitats, disrupting the coexistence between humans and animals. Hedgehogs are also increasingly being kept as pets, substantially increasing the probability of human zoonotic pathogen spillover from hedgehogs to humans. Herein, we review existing knowledge on bacterial, viral, and mycotic pathogens with zoonotic potential, evaluating the significance of hedgehogs as carriers or hosts.

Objective The aim of the paper is to analyze the characteristics of imported malaria cases in Minhang District after local malaria elimination, and to improve prevention and control measures. Methods As local malaria was announced eliminated in Shanghai, in 2015, the malaria cases report information in Minhang District from 2016 to 2023 were enrolled to analyze the epidemic characteristics, infection sources, and treatment of malaria with descriptive epidemiological methods. Results A total of 47 cases were reported in Minhang District from 2016 to 2023, all of which were imported cases confirmed by the laboratory, mainly falciparum malaria. The overall proportion of falciparum malaria after 2020 was significantly higher than that from 2016 to 2019, with a statistically significant difference. There was no obvious seasonality in the onset of malaria cases, with a peak in February (six cases, 12.77%) and a low in June (one case, 2.13%). Most cases were young to middle-aged males and employed workers. All cases originated in Africa, mainly West Africa (35 cases, 65.96%). There were 35 cases (74.47% ) that occurred within two weeks of arrival and 89.36% of cases preferred tertiary medical facilities for medical services. The initial correct diagnosis rate was 78.72%. The median interval from onset to diagnosis was one day. The median interval from onset to entry was three days for falciparum, 74 days for ovale, and two days for vivax malaria. Conclusions Malaria surveillance capacity in Minhang District remained excellent after local malaria elimination. However, imported malaria cases still pose a threat to public health, and multi-sectoral collaboration and health administration should be strengthened to improve clinical malaria screening capacity, diagnostic techniques, and medical management in the future.

Objective To develop a rapid and sensitive on-site nucleic acid detection method based on the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system to detect severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus(SFTSV). Methods Firstly, a specific conserved region of the SFTSV S gene was identified by sequence alignment analysis, followed by the design and selection of multienzyme isothermal rapid amplification (MIRA) primers and target CRISPR RNA (crRNA); detection results were read using fluorescence signals and immunochromatographic paper. Finally, in order to increase sensitivity, multiple detection targets of crRNA were incorporated into a single reaction system. The effectiveness of this method for field nucleic acid detection in tick samples was validated using simulated tick-infected samples and field ticks. Results The minimum detection limit (MDL) of the MIRA-CRISPR/Cas13a fluorescence assay for SFTSV was 1 copy/μL, while that of the stripe-based method was 10 copies/μL. No cross-reactivity was observed between SFTSV and the other four viral controls, indicating the high specificity of the MIRA-CRISPR/Cas13a system.The method demonstrated superior sensitivity for nucleic acid detection in simulated tick infection samples compared to RT-PCR. The analysis of 29 field tick samples revealed that 20 and 9 samples were positive and negative, respectively (100% agreement with RT-PCR results). Conclusions The proposed method could facilitate the rapid detection of SFTSV in the field.

Objective The aim of the paper is to monitor the natural infection of the viruses in ticks from the Gansu Province and elicit the risk of tick-borne viral disease transmission in the Silk Road Economic Zone. Methods The Wuwei area, where the Loess Plateau, the Tibetan Plateau and the Meng-Xin Plateau converge, was selected as a surveillance site to collect off-host or parasitic tick samples and detect the potential viruses harbored in them with meta-transcriptomic sequencing. The clean reads were assembled and annotated to explore the diversity of viruses under the genome phylogenetic analyses, identifying potential novel viruses. Results A total of 98 ticks of 5 species in 3 genera were sampled, including Dermacentor silvarum, Dermacentor nuttalli, Hyalomma asiaticum, Hyalomma scupense and Haemaphysalis kolonini. Among these tick samples, Mivirus shows the highest abundance, followed by Orthopoxvirus and Orthonairovirus. The assembled viral sequences were identical to Bole tick virus 1, Bole tick virus 3, Changping tick virus 1 and Taishun tick virus. Meanwhile, a novel subspecies of Bole tick virus 4 with 96.92% identity to the closest Flaviviridae sp. was detected and provisionally named "Bole-like tick virus 4" with pending characterization by isolation or other approaches. Conclusions The occurrence of diverse tick-borne viruses and potential novel viruses in the surveillance sites indicates that surveillance and preventive measures are warranted.

Objective To investigate the density, species composition, and seasonal prevalence of domestic rodents in different habitats within Lanzhou garrisons, providing basic information for rodent prevention and control. Methods A total of 12 monitoring sites were sampled across urban, suburban, and rural residential areas from 2014 to 2022. Rodent density was monitored using the night-trapping method in the middle of odd-numbered months. Results From 2014 to 2022, 346 domestic rodents were captured using 122 035 effective traps, with an average domestic rodent density of 0.28%. The highest domestic rodent density was 0.63% in 2016, and the lowest was 0.07% in 2020, showing significant differences across years, with an overall trend of initially decreasing and then increasing (χ²=136.555, P<0.001). The dominant species was Rattus norvegicus, accounting for 83.24% of the total rodents captured. Rattus norvegicus accounted for a relatively high proportion across different years, with a statistically significant difference in species composition (χ²=20.931, P<0.05). Rodent densities and species composition also varied significantly among the monitored habitats (P<0.001), with the highest densities observed in rural residential areas and the lowest in urban areas. Seasonal variation in rodent densities showed a bimodal pattern, with smaller peaks in January or March and a larger peak in July. Conclusions Domestic rodent density in Lanzhou garrisons has shown an upward trend in the past few years. Rodent control measures should focus on barracks in rural residential areas, with targeted interventions to reduce the risk of rodent-borne diseases.

Babesia is an intracellular parasitic protozoan parasite on red blood cells of vertebrated hosts, belonging to the genus Babesia of the family Piroplasmidae, and is transmitted through tick biting, blood transfusions, organ transplant, and the maternal placenta. The clinical manifestations of human babesiosis vary widely, ranging from asymptomatic to fatal organ failure. Given the ongoing increases in global temperature and the continual expansion of the distribution ranges of medical vector species, human babesiosis is receiving increasing attention. This paper provides a review of the pathogenicity of Babesia during host and vector parasitism history.

Objective Periplaneta quadrinotata was captured by Tianjin Customs at Tianjin Port for the first time from a freight container on January 5, 2024. This study aimed to provide a reference including DNA sequence for cockroach species identification at frontier ports. Methods Primary morphological characteristics were described, and genomic DNA was extracted from a cockroach hind leg. DNA barcoding based on the mitochondrial COⅠ gene was provided for reference material. Results The diagnostic feature of the specimens is discernable four spots on the pronotum, accordingly, the intercepted cockroach was identified as P. quadrinotata. In addition, the CO I genes of the intercepted cockroach is identical to genus Periplaneta with 97% sequence homology, but different from those sequences of any known Periplaneta species deposited in GenBank. Conclusions P. quadrinotata is known to be reported in Thailand and other regions; however, related research have not been available in Chinese literature. Our re-description of the cockroach had been conducted with the intercepted specimens in a freight container based on its morphological characteristics and DNA barcoding features, which would aid custom technicians in making decisions for the quarantined species.

This article reports a first case of combined infection with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) and scrub typhus in Dalian City. The patient was admitted to the hospital due to recurrent fever for 7 days and loss of consciousness for 1 day. Pathogen metagenomic sequencing (mNGS), SFTSV quantitative PCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) IgM tests were performed, showing positive results for Orientia tsutsugamushi and SFTSV nucleic acids. Based on clinical manifestations and epidemiological history, the patient was diagnosed with combined infections.

Objective The study aims to understand Leptospira infection in rodents at key ports along the Belt and Road. Methods Rodents were caught at 10 border ports using night trap methods and tissues or blood samples were collected to detect the infection of Leptospira by gradient PCR and subsequent sequencing. Results A total of 356 rodents were captured from 10 ports. Morphological identification revealed 2 orders, 5 families, 15 genera, and 20 species. The positive rate for Leptospira infection was 1.97% by nucleic acid testing. Among them, 4 cases were Leptospira borgpetersenii in the northern ports, and the rest 3 cases were L. interrogans in the southern ones. Conclusions With the different composition of rodents at different key ports along the Belt and Road, the bacteria in rodents, especially for Leptospira, differ between different port areas, suggesting the urgent need for monitoring, prevention, and control.

On October 9^th, 2023, the Disease Control and Prevention Center of Donghu High Tech Zone in Wuhan City received a report of a case of imported malaria. The patient was admitted due to intermittent fever that had persisted for 3 days, accompanied by a 1 h consciousness disorder, and the family of the patient reported a recent history of travel to the Democratic Republic of Congo in Africa. Upon admission, the rapid diagnostic method (RDT) was used to test for malarial parasite antigens and peripheral blood smear microscopy was performed to detect the presence of malignant malaria parasites. On the basis of epidemiology, clinical symptoms, and laboratory testing, a diagnosis of severe malignant malaria was made, and immediate standardized anti-malarial treatment was accordingly administered. After 4 days of treatment, peripheral blood smear microscopy revealed no plasmodium parasites observed. After 37 days, the patient was recovered and discharged from the hospital.

Objective This study aimed to understand the infection rates of Leishmania parasites in sandflies, dogs, and humans in Wangping Street, Mentougou District, Beijing, to provide decision-making recommendations for the prevention and control of the Leishmania infection (Kala-Azar). Methods From early April to late November 2021, sandflies were trapped to screen for Leishmania parasites using Leishmania-specific PCR in Mentougou District, Beijing. Simultaneously, residents and suspected dogs were tested to detect possible Leishmania infections using the rk39 immunochromatographic test strip and Leishmania-specific PCR tests. Results A total of 4 280 Phlebotomus chinensis were captured from Mentougou District and no Leishmania parasites were detected. Nine of 36 suspected sick dogs tested positive for Leishmania parasites. No positive human blood samples were obtained from the 73 residents around the index patient's activity area. Conclusions A canine Kala-Azar outbreak occurred in Wangping town. Timely surveillance and control measures are urgently needed in the Mentougou District.

Objective This study aimed to prolong the duration of cinnamaldehyde's insect repellent activity and enhance its repellent potency. Methods Cinnamaldehyde microspheres were prepared using chitosan and gelatin as wall materials via layered self-assembly. The structure, morphology, particle size, encapsulation rate, and atomization efficiency of the microspheres were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, laser particle size analyses, ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and a micropore piezoelectric ultrasonic atomizer. An efficacy test of the mosquito repellent was performed according to GB/T 13917.9-2009 and the effective protection time was recorded. Results Cinnamaldehyde was successfully encapsulated in spherical microspheres with an encapsulation rate of 65%. The average particle size was 1 613.7 nm and the droplet particle size was small. The atomization volume was large, and the middle diameter of the droplets was 23.57 μm. The repellent rate of 5% cinnamaldehyde was <50% in the 2nd hour and its repellent efficacy was poor. The repellent rates of the cinnamaldehyde microspheres were 100% in the 2nd hour and 82.64% in the 4th hour. Conclusions Slow-release cinnamaldehyde microspheres can mitigate the olfactory impact of cinnamaldehyde and extend its repellent activity against Aedes aegypti up to 2 h, offering insights into novel enhanced formulations for mosquito repellents.

Objective This study aims to provide further clarification regarding the activity enhancement effects of peppermint oil, eucalyptus oil, Litsea cubeba oil, patchouli oil, and lemon oil on pyrethrin aerosol insecticide, and to establish a theoretical basis for the development of this insecticide. Methods The common mosquito Culex pipiens pallens was employed as the test insect. The fumigant effect of five essential oils on Cx. pipiens pallens was determined by the closed cylindrical fumigation method. Based on the 5.8 m³ room method, the oils exhibiting discernible activity enhancement were combined by multiple combinations. In addition, the optimal combination was selected and formulated into a finished aerosol insecticide. This was then subjected to a comparison of indoor efficacy and a simulated field test of commercially available products. Results The closed cylindrical fumigation method demonstrated the efficacy of various essential oils, including Litsea cubeba oil, lemon oil, peppermint oil, eucalyptus oil, and patchouli oil, against Cx. pipiens pallens. The KT₅₀ values for these oils were all within 25 min, indicating their potential for rapid biological activity. The combinations that exhibited superior enhancement effects when utilizing the 5.8 m³ room method were as follows: The following combinations were identified as having the most promising enhancement effects: P-A (10.0% Litsea cubeba oil + 1.0% pyrethrin), P-B (10.0% eucalyptusoil + 1.0% pyrethrin), P-G (6.0% eucalyptus oil + 10% Litsea cubeba oil + 1.0% pyrethrin); and P-G exhibited the highest enhancement coefficient (1.3646), followed by P-B (1.211 2) and P-A (1.175 4). The P-G formula was selected for the production of the aerosol, and the 5.8 m³ cabin method was used for the indoor efficacy test. The simulated field test was carried out using the 28 m³ simulated field method. In determining the indoor efficacy of the formulation, P-G, the KT₅₀ was found to be 2.775 2 min, with a 24-hour mortality rate of 98.67%. In the simulated field trials, the KT₅₀ of the aerosolformulation, P-G, was determined to be 11.680 0 min, with a 24-hour mortality rate of 73%. Conclusions The pyrethrin aerosol insecticide enhancement formulation P-G, which has been obtained in this study, produces an evident enhancement effect and thus represents a promising candidate for industrial development.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the potential impact of facial heated steam treatment on the Demodex mite detection rate. Methods Overall, 215 patients to suspected demodicidosis who visited the dermatology outpatient department of a tertiary hospital in Lanzhou between May and July 2023 were selected as study subjects. The facial skin scraping method was employed following no pretreatment or heated steam treatment for 10 min to detect facial Demodex. Results The Demodex mite detection rate was significantly (χ²=54.07,P=0.00) higher with heated steam facial treatment (63.7%, 137/215) compared to no pretreatment (28.4%, 61/215). Conclusions The results indicate a statistically significant difference in the detection rate of human Demodex mites between patients who received facial heated steam treatment and those who did not. These findings provide a novel reference for experimental diagnostic methods of demodicosis.

Objective The aim of the study is to reveal the polymorphisms of Eustrongylides spp. in Monopterus albus. Methods A total of five Eustrongylides spp. collected from five M. albus in the Yongzhou area were sampled to amplify ribosomal ITS sequence by PCR in vitro, then sequenced after extracting the DNA templates of Eustrongylides. The phylogenetic tree based on the ITS sequence was also constructed to explore the evolutionary history of Eustrongylides. Results The length of the ITS sequence of the five Eustrongylides spp. is approximately 933 bp, and the genetic differences between the isolates are 0.00%-0.90% and the genetic inheritance differences with other nematodes are 15.5%-18.20%, maintaining a certain genetic distance from other families. Conclusions The ITS sequence of Eustrongylides spp. in M. albus will be used as a genetic marker for the molecular identification of Eustrongylides spp. and will provide a basis for the prevention and control of Eustrongylides spp. in the future.

Objective The aim of the study is to establish an automatic method for the recognition of common midges based on artificial intelligence technology. Methods Wing images of three species of midges from Zhuhai port, including Culicoides oxystoma, C. peregrinus, and Lasiohelea taiwanai were subjected to develop a reliable automatic recognition method based on a deep learning method. The VGG convolutional neural network model based on the PaddlePaddle framework and the BP neural network model based on Matlab software with manual design features were involved for image recognition. Results Automatic recognition based on VGG model and BP model were established with the prediction accuracy of the test set in the VGG model and BP model was 100.0% and 94.7%, respectively, with no significant difference (P>0.05). Conclusions The artificial intelligence technology can achieve reliable species recognition based on image recognition of midge wings.

Objective This study aimed to investigate whether Trichinella spiralis Ts87 protein can facilitate immune evasion by degrading the mouse neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Methods First, we used bioinformatics tools to analyze the physicochemical properties of Ts87 and, through sequence homology alignment, confirmed its classification within the nuclease family. Molecular cloning and protein purification techniques were then employed to obtain high-purity Ts87 protein, and its nuclease activity was confirmed. Additionally, we compared the primary sequence of Ts87 with known active sites from human lysosomal DNase IIα and the structurally characterized Burkholderia thailandensis DNase II. This enabled us to predict potential active sites. Ts87 enzymatic mutants were generated using site-directed mutagenesis, and their functions were confirmed through enzymatic activity experiments. The extracellular nucleic acid content of mouse bone marrow neutrophils and the immunofluorescence staining of mouse NETs were assessed in vitro to verify whether the Ts87 protease mutants exhibited a decreased ability to degrade NETs. Finally, after immunizing mice with Ts87, calculated larvae burden and the degradation of NETs in vivo were observed by immunostaining the MPO and CitH3 expression in the intestinal NETs of the mice. Results High-purity Ts87 protein was successfully obtained and confirmed to possess nuclease activity, capable of degrading NETs in vitro. The Ts87 mutants exhibited reduced capacity in degrading NETs. In vivo experiments in mice demonstrated that the production of anti-Ts87 antibodies in immunized mice reduced the degradation of NETs, facilitating NET-mediated attack on the parasites and resulting in decreased larvae burden in the mice. Conclusions Trichinella spiralis can utilize Ts87 nuclease to evade capture by NETs, providing potential vaccine and drug targets for the prevention and treatment of trichinellosis.

This paper is to review Fannia mollissima-group (Diptera: Fanniidae). Five new species are described, including Fannia emeishanensis Wang & Cheng, sp. nov., Fannia annia pilitarsis Wang, sp. nov., Fannia prominenicauda Wang, sp. nov., Fannia unispina Wang, sp. nov. and Fannia yunnanensis Wang, sp. nov. The type specimens were deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Shenyang Normal University, China. An identification key to the 23 species of Fannia mollissima-group is provided. Geographically, only F. mollissima and F. subpellucens have a wide distribution in the Palearctic and Nearctic regions, the other twenty-one species of the mollissima-group have overlapping ranges in the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent regions.

Toxoplasma gondii is an opportunistic pathogenic protozoan that causes zoonotic toxoplasmosis and is capable of infecting almost all warm-blooded animals, including humans. T. gondii infection is a globally prevalent zoonosis, posing a particularly high risk to immunocompromised populations. It presents a serious threat to public health and animal husbandry due to its complex life cycle and wide host range. Currently, the prevention and treatment of toxoplasmosis rely primarily on drugs, with a combination of sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine being the first choice in clinical practice. However, limitations in efficacy, side effects, and drug resistance restrict its widespread use. While some progress has been made in the development of anti-Toxoplasma drugs, no ideal treatment has yet been approved for market release or clinical trials. This paper reviews recent progress on the mechanisms of action and targets of novel anti-Toxoplasma drugs based on relevant studies. It aims to provide new ideas for future drug research and development while highlighting the opportunities and challenges in the field.

Objective To study the current status of parasitic infections in hospitalized patients in Yichang City, we compared and analyzed changes in routine blood tests for parasitic infections. Methods A total of 50 256 fecal samples from hospitalized patients at Yichang Central People′s Hospital were tested using the F280 fully automatic fecal analyzer that analyzed and recorded parasite eggs based on its own internal software, and the inspectors further reviewed and confirmed which types of parasites were causing infections. Using 50 healthy individuals as a control group, we compared and analyzed the changes in routine blood results from patients infected with parasites. Results The parasitic infection rate of hospitalized patients in Yichang City was 2.25%, with hookworms accounting for 60.2%, roundworms accounting for 15.0%, and liver flukes accounting for 8.8%. Other identified parasites included whipworms, fecal roundworms, pinworms, and others. The infection rates of males and females were 2.20% and 2.31%, respectively, with no statistically significant. The highest infection rate was observed in the over-61 age group. Routine blood tests revealed that compared to the control group, there was no significant change in white blood cell count in the parasitic infection group, but the percentage of eosinophils increased, hemoglobin, and hematocrit decreased. Conclusions Parasitic infections among hospitalized patients in Yichang City are more common in middle-aged and elderly populations. Among these, the hookworm infection rate was the highest, and this was followed by roundworms and liver flukes. Parasitic infection leads to an increase in eosinophil count and anemia in patients.

Objective This research was performed to identify rodent-borne pathogens in Hekou Port, Yunnan Province. Methods Rodents were captured using cages and dissected to collect their lungs, liver, spleen, and other viscera. Eight pathogens, including Yersinia pestis, Leptospira, Bartonella, and Anaplasmataceae, were identified using polymerase chain reaction amplification. Amplified pathogen sequences from positive samples were sequenced, and BLAST homology searches were conducted using GenBank to confirm pathogen identities. A phylogenetic tree of the identified pathogens was constructed using the neighbor joining method. Results The total of 31 rodents, identified as Rattus tanezumi, R. norvegicus, and Mus musculus, were captured. Among these, R. tanezumi was the dominant species, accounting for 64.52% of the total. Two pathogens, Leptospira interrogans and Neoehrlichia mikurensis, were detected, with positivity rates of 9.68% and 29.03%, respectively. No other pathogens were detected. The overall positivity rate for rodent-borne pathogens was 35.48%. Conclusions The single 16S rRNA gene fragment is insufficient for the molecular identification of all Neoehrlichia species. Accurate species identification should be based on a combined analysis of multiple genes. The prevalence of rodent-borne pathogens in Hekou Port indicates the necessity for enhanced surveillance of rodent-borne diseases and implementation of additional prevention and control measures in border ports.

Frontopsylla (Frontopsylla) ochotona sp. nov. is closely related to Frontopsylla (Fr.) adixsterna Liu, Shao et Liu, 1976, but can be distinguished by the following characteristics:1. In males, the immutable processes exhibit a wide, finger-like shape with asymmetrical anterior and posterior edges at their ends. The posterior edge of st. VIII lacks a deep depression, and the distal arm of st. IX is split into two lobes.2. In females, the posterior edge of the st. VII abdominal plate lacks a deep sinus, but the posterior end has a truncated or arc-shaped broad leaf. The posterior edge of t. VIII has a wide sinus, distinguishing it from F. adixsterna and other species in this genus.
   The type specimen was collected in Linzhi City, Xizang Autonomous Region of China, in November 2018, from an agricultural area at an altitude of approximately 3 000 m. The host species include Ochotona sp., Niviventer confucianus, and Pitymys leucurus.

Objective To investigate the status of population dynamics and distribution changes of Aedes aegypti in Guangdong Province. Methods Continuous monitoring was conducted from May 2018 to July 2024 in Wushi Town and Qishui Town, Leizhou City, Zhanjiang City, Guangdong Province. Additionally, a survey of the distribution of Ae. aegypti along the Leizhou Peninsula coast was carried out. Results The density of Ae. aegypti in Zhanjiang showed a gradual decline from 2018 to 2024. The last detection of adult Ae. aegypti in Wushi Town was in September 2021, and the last larva was found in October 2023. No Ae. aegypti was detected in Qishui Town during surveys from 2021 to 2024. A survey of 18 coastal villages in the Leizhou Peninsula revealed no detections of Ae. aegypti. Conclusions This study provides a basis for understanding the distribution and population density fluctuations of Ae. aegypti, assessing its invasion risk, and scientifically conducting relevant prevention and control efforts.

Objective This study aimed to provide an effective scientific basis for prevention and control of cockroaches on aircrafts by identifying cockroach-carried pathogens, and assess the insecticidal efficacy of gel bait mediated cockroach control on aircrafts, to provide technical guidance for aircraft disinsection. Methods Cassette-trapping was used to trap cockroaches, and the carried pathogens were detected using bacterial cultivation techniques. The gel bait mediated killing rate was calculated after 1, 7, and 30 d by field application of gel bait. Results A total of 411 cockroaches were captured, and all were identified as Blattella germanica. 26 strains of pathogenic bacteria were isolated from the trapped cockroaches. The killing rates of cockroaches were 58.8%-96.3% with 1-30 day application of gel bait. Statistically significant differences were observed in cockroach killing rates on different days(χ²=58.95,P＜0.01). Conclusions B. germanica carry a large variety of pathogenic bacteria and opportunistic pathogens and are thus important infectious disease carriers. Gel bait agents have proven to be very effective against cockroaches on aircrafts.